Docker Compose中PostgreSQL健康检查无法保障.NET服务初始化问题

问题背景 #

我是Docker新手，正在搭建基于.NET的微服务应用，用Docker容器运行，其中包含PostgreSQL数据库容器。配置了docker-compose.yml和docker-compose.override.yml，本以为discountdb的健康检查能确保PostgreSQL连接正常，让.NET服务完成数据库初始化（seed），但执行启动命令后，查看discountdb日志发现数据库启动后又重启了，服务无法正常连接数据库。

配置文件 #

docker-compose.yml

version: '3.4'

services:
  catalogdb:
    image: mongo

  basketdb: 
    image: redis:alpine

  discountdb: 
    image: postgres

  portainer:
    image: portainer/portainer-ce

  catalog.api:
    image: ${DOCKER_REGISTRY-}catalogapi
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: Services/Catalog/Catalog.API/Dockerfile

  basket.api:
    image: ${DOCKER_REGISTRY-}basketapi
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: Services/Basket/Basket.API/Dockerfile

  discount.api:
    image: ${DOCKER_REGISTRY-}discountapi
    build:
      context: .
      dockerfile: Services/Discount/Discount.API/Dockerfile

volumes:
  mongo_data:
  portainer_data:
  postgres_data:

docker-compose.override.yml

version: '3.4'

services:
  catalogdb:
    container_name: catalogdb
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "27018:27017"
    volumes:
      - mongo_data:/data/db
 
  basketdb:
    container_name: basketdb
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"

  discountdb:
      container_name: discountdb
      restart: always
      ports: 
        - "5430:5432"
      command: postgres
      environment:
      - POSTGRES_USER=admin
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=admin1234
      - POSTGRES_DB=DiscountDb 
      healthcheck:
        test: [ "CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -d $${POSTGRES_DB} -U $${POSTGRES_USER}" ]
        interval: 10s
        timeout: 5s
        retries: 5
      volumes:
        - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgesql/data/ 

  portainer:
    container_name: portainer
    restart: always
    ports:
      - "8080:8000"
      - "9000:9000"      
    volumes:
    - /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock
    - portainer_data:/data 

  catalog.api:
    container_name: catalog.api
    environment:
      - ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Development
      - "DatabaseSettings:ConnectionString=mongodb://catalogdb:27017"
    depends_on:
      - catalogdb
    ports:
      - "8000:80"

  basket.api:
    container_name: basket.api
    environment:
      - ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Development
      - "CacheSettings:ConnectionString=basketdb:6379"
    depends_on:
      - basketdb
    ports:
      - "8001:80"


  discount.api:
    container_name: discount.api
    environment:
      - ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Development
      - "DatabaseSettings:ConnectionString=Server=discountdb;Port=5430;Database=DiscountDb;User Id=admin;Password=admin1234;"
    depends_on:
      - discountdb
    ports:
      - "8002:80"

启动命令 #

docker-compose -f docker-compose.yml -f .\docker-compose.override.yml up -d

discountdb日志 #

This user must also own the server process.
The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.utf8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".
Data page checksums are disabled.
fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/data ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Etc/UTC
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
initdb: warning: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
initdb: hint: You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or --auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.
syncing data to disk ... ok
Success. You can now start the database server using:
    pg_ctl -D /var/lib/postgresql/data -l logfile start
waiting for server to start....2023-05-18 01:47:02.074 UTC [48] LOG:  starting PostgreSQL 15.3 (Debian 15.3-1.pgdg110+1) on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 10.2.1-6) 10.2.1 20210110, 64-bit
2023-05-18 01:47:02.076 UTC [48] LOG:  listening on Unix socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"
2023-05-18 01:47:02.083 UTC [51] LOG:  database system was shut down at 2023-05-18 01:47:01 UTC
2023-05-18 01:47:02.090 UTC [48] LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections
 done
server started
CREATE DATABASE
/usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh: ignoring /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/*
waiting for server to shut down....2023-05-18 01:47:02.289 UTC [48] LOG:  received fast shutdown request
2023-05-18 01:47:02.291 UTC [48] LOG:  aborting any active transactions
2023-05-18 01:47:02.293 UTC [48] LOG:  background worker "logical replication launcher" (PID 54) exited with exit code 1
2023-05-18 01:47:02.293 UTC [49] LOG:  shutting down
2023-05-18 01:47:02.295 UTC [49] LOG:  checkpoint starting: shutdown immediate
2023-05-18 01:47:02.370 UTC [49] LOG:  checkpoint complete: wrote 918 buffers (5.6%); 0 WAL file(s) added, 0 removed, 0 recycled; write=0.015 s, sync=0.054 s, total=0.077 s; sync files=250, longest=0.003 s, average=0.001 s; distance=4217 kB, estimate=4217 kB
2023-05-18 01:47:02.377 UTC [48] LOG:  database system is shut down
 done
server stopped
PostgreSQL init process complete; ready for start up.
2023-05-18 01:47:02.414 UTC [1] LOG:  starting PostgreSQL 15.3 (Debian 15.3-1.pgdg110+1) on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 10.2.1-6) 10.2.1 20210110, 64-bit
2023-05-18 01:47:02.414 UTC [1] LOG:  listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 5432
2023-05-18 01:47:02.414 UTC [1] LOG:  listening on IPv6 address "::", port 5432
2023-05-18 01:47:02.418 UTC [1] LOG:  listening on Unix socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"
2023-05-18 01:47:02.424 UTC [64] LOG:  database system was shut down at 2023-05-18 01:47:02 UTC
2023-05-18 01:47:02.429 UTC [1] LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections

问题排查与解决 #

1. 数据卷路径拼写错误 #

在docker-compose.override.yml的discountdb配置中，数据卷挂载路径写错了：

# 错误路径
- postgres_data:/var/lib/postgesql/data/
# 正确路径（补全缺失的r）
- postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data/

路径错误会导致容器无法正确初始化数据目录，触发数据库重启。

2. 服务依赖未关联健康检查 #

当前discount.api的depends_on仅等待discountdb容器启动，不等待数据库健康检查通过。需要修改为：

discount.api:
  # ...其他配置
  depends_on:
    discountdb:
      condition: service_healthy

这样服务会等待数据库完全就绪后再启动，避免初始化时连接失败。

3. 容器间连接端口错误 #

discount.api的连接字符串中使用了宿主映射的端口5430，但容器内部PostgreSQL运行在5432端口，容器间通信应使用内部端口：

discount.api:
  environment:
    # ...其他配置
    - "DatabaseSettings:ConnectionString=Server=discountdb;Port=5432;Database=DiscountDb;User Id=admin;Password=admin1234;"

修复后重启 #

修改完成后，重新执行启动命令：

docker-compose -f docker-compose.yml -f .\docker-compose.override.yml up -d --force-recreate

添加--force-recreate确保容器使用新配置重建。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Jamie