如何在Python虚拟环境（venv）中安装Wheel包？

问题 #

激活Python虚拟环境（venv）后安装STPyV8的Wheel包，结果激活venv时无法导入该包，关闭venv后反而能正常使用，说明包被安装到了系统Python环境中。如何将Wheel包正确安装到venv中？

操作日志 #

(venv) glaucon@rome:/tmp/stpyv8$ ll                                                                                                           
total 18380                                                                                                                                 
drwxrwxr-x  2 glaucon glaucon     4096 May 23 17:49 ./                                                                                          
drwxrwxrwt 42 root  root     16384 May 23 17:49 ../                                                                                         
-rw-rw-r--  1 glaucon glaucon 18797973 May 23 17:49 stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-python-3.9.zip                                                          

(venv) glaucon@rome:/tmp/stpyv8$ unzip stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-python-3.9.zip                                                                     
Archive:  stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-python-3.9.zip                                                                                                
  inflating: stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9/icudtl.dat                                                                                             
  inflating: stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9/stpyv8-11.3.244.11-cp39-cp39-linux_x86_64.whl                                                          

(venv) glaucon@rome:/tmp/stpyv8$ cd stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9/                                                                                  
(venv) glaucon@rome:/tmp/stpyv8/stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9$ ll                                                                                   
total 24384                                                                                                                                 
drwxrwxr-x 2 glaucon glaucon     4096 May 23 17:50 ./                                                                                           
drwxrwxr-x 3 glaucon glaucon     4096 May 23 17:50 ../                                                                                          
-rw-r--r-- 1 glaucon glaucon 10542048 May 17 15:27 icudtl.dat                                                                                   
-rw-r--r-- 1 glaucon glaucon 14416203 May 17 15:27 stpyv8-11.3.244.11-cp39-cp39-linux_x86_64.whl                                                

(venv) glaucon@rome:/tmp/stpyv8/stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9$ popd                                                                                 
/usr/share ~/dev/orientation-stpyv8-sandbox/stpyv8                                                                           

(venv) glaucon@rome:/usr/share$ cd stpyv8/                                                                                                    
(venv) glaucon@rome:/usr/share/stpyv8$ sudo cp -v /tmp/stpyv8/stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9/icudtl.dat  .                                         
'/tmp/stpyv8/stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9/icudtl.dat' -> './icudtl.dat'                                                                          

(venv) glaucon@rome:/usr/share/stpyv8$ ll                                                                                                     
total 10312                                                                                                                                 
drwxr-xr-x   2 root root     4096 May 23 17:51 ./                                                                                           
drwxr-xr-x 277 root root    12288 May 23 17:46 ../                                                                                          
-rw-r--r--   1 root root 10542048 May 23 17:51 icudtl.dat                                                                                   
(venv) glaucon@rome:/usr/share/stpyv8$ popd                                                                                                 
~/dev/orientation-stpyv8-sandbox/stpyv8                                                                                      

(venv) glaucon@rome:~/dev/orientation-stpyv8-sandbox/stpyv8$ sudo pip install --upgrade /tmp/stpyv8/stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9/stpyv8-11.3.244.11-cp39-cp39-linux_x86_64.whl                                                                                                  
Processing /tmp/stpyv8/stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9/stpyv8-11.3.244.11-cp39-cp39-linux_x86_64.whl                                                
Installing collected packages: stpyv8                                                                                                       
Successfully installed stpyv8-11.3.244.11

使用测试 #

未激活venv时可正常导入

glaucon@rome:~/dev/orientation-stpyv8-sandbox$ python3
Python 3.9.16 (main, Dec  7 2022, 01:11:51) 
[GCC 9.4.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import STPyV8
>>> exit()

激活venv时无法导入

glaucon@rome:~/dev/orientation-stpyv8-sandbox$ . ./venv/bin/activate
(venv) glaucon@rome:~/dev/orientation-stpyv8-sandbox$ python
Python 3.9.16 (main, Dec  7 2022, 01:11:51) 
[GCC 9.4.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import STPyV8
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'STPyV8'
>>> exit()
(venv) glaucon@rome:~/dev/orientation-stpyv8-sandbox$ 

解决方法 #

问题核心是你用sudo执行pip install——sudo会切换到root用户，此时root环境变量指向的是系统级pip，而非venv内的pip。按以下步骤修正：

• 确保venv处于激活状态：确认终端提示符前有(venv)标识，若未激活，执行：

  . ./venv/bin/activate
  

• 卸载系统环境中的STPyV8：

  sudo pip uninstall stpyv8
  

• 用venv内的pip安装Wheel包：不要加sudo，直接执行：

  pip install --upgrade /tmp/stpyv8/stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9/stpyv8-11.3.244.11-cp39-cp39-linux_x86_64.whl
  

• 验证icudtl.dat文件路径：STPyV8依赖该文件，若venv内导入提示找不到，将文件复制到venv的site-packages目录下的STPyV8文件夹中：

  # 获取venv的site-packages路径
  python -c "import site; print(site.getsitepackages()[0])"
  # 复制文件到对应目录
  cp /tmp/stpyv8/stpyv8-ubuntu-20.04-3.9/icudtl.dat $(python -c "import site; print(site.getsitepackages()[0])")/STPyV8/
  

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者shearichard