Apple M1芯片设备安装scikit-learn失败：subprocess-exited-with-error报错

问题核心 #

使用pip3安装scikit-learn时，因scipy依赖的OpenBLAS未找到，导致构建依赖的子进程执行失败，元数据生成出错。同时系统提示pip版本需从22.3.1升级至23.1.2。

报错日志 #

Collecting scikit-learn
  Using cached scikit-learn-1.2.2.tar.gz (7.3 MB)
  Installing build dependencies: started
  Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'error'

  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [77 lines of output]
      Ignoring numpy: markers 'python_version == "3.10" and platform_system == "Windows" and platform_python_implementation != "PyPy"' don't match your environment
      Collecting setuptools
        Using cached setuptools-67.8.0-py3-none-any.whl (1.1 MB)
      Collecting wheel
        Using cached wheel-0.40.0-py3-none-any.whl (64 kB)
      Collecting Cython>=0.29.24
        Using cached Cython-0.29.34-py2.py3-none-any.whl (988 kB)
      Collecting oldest-supported-numpy
        Using cached oldest_supported_numpy-2022.11.19-py3-none-any.whl (4.9 kB)
      Collecting scipy>=1.3.2
        Using cached scipy-1.10.1.tar.gz (42.4 MB)
        Installing build dependencies: started
        Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
        Getting requirements to build wheel: started
        Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
        Installing backend dependencies: started
        Installing backend dependencies: finished with status 'done'
        Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
        Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'
        error: subprocess-exited-with-error
      
        × Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
        │ exit code: 1
        ╰─> [40 lines of output]
            The Meson build system
            Version: 1.1.0
            Source dir: /private/var/folders/8t/c7vp1svx67q7d6tfsbc_zrs80000gn/T/pip-install-4eup58s4/scipy_557714486dd74653a564911cc099d6bb
            Build dir: /private/var/folders/8t/c7vp1svx67q7d6tfsbc_zrs80000gn/T/pip-install-4eup58s4/scipy_557714486dd74653a564911cc099d6bb/.mesonpy-oy6xaeqf/build
            Build type: native build
            Project name: SciPy
            Project version: 1.10.1
            C compiler for the host machine: cc (clang 13.0.0 "Apple clang version 13.0.0 (clang-1300.0.29.30)")
            C linker for the host machine: cc ld64 711
            C++ compiler for the host machine: c++ (clang 13.0.0 "Apple clang version 13.0.0 (clang-1300.0.29.30)")
            C++ linker for the host machine: c++ ld64 711
            Cython compiler for the host machine: cython (cython 0.29.34)
            Host machine cpu family: aarch64
            Host machine cpu: aarch64
            Compiler for C supports arguments -Wno-unused-but-set-variable: NO
            Compiler for C supports arguments -Wno-unused-function: YES
            Compiler for C supports arguments -Wno-conversion: YES
            Compiler for C supports arguments -Wno-misleading-indentation: YES
            Compiler for C supports arguments -Wno-incompatible-pointer-types: YES
            Library m found: YES
            Fortran compiler for the host machine: gfortran (gcc 13.1.0 "GNU Fortran (Homebrew GCC 13.1.0) 13.1.0")
            Fortran linker for the host machine: gfortran ld64 711
            Compiler for Fortran supports arguments -Wno-conversion: YES
            Checking if "-Wl,--version-script" : links: NO
            Program cython found: YES (/private/var/folders/8t/c7vp1svx67q7d6tfsbc_zrs80000gn/T/pip-build-env-8q5edqdt/overlay/bin/cython)
            Program python found: YES (/opt/homebrew/Caskroom/miniforge/base/envs/pythonProject/bin/python)
            Found pkg-config: /opt/homebrew/bin/pkg-config (0.29.2)
            Program pythran found: YES (/private/var/folders/8t/c7vp1svx67q7d6tfsbc_zrs80000gn/T/pip-build-env-8q5edqdt/overlay/bin/pythran)
            Run-time dependency threads found: YES
            Library npymath found: YES
            Library npyrandom found: YES
            Did not find CMake 'cmake'
            Found CMake: NO
            Run-time dependency openblas found: NO (tried pkgconfig, framework and cmake)
            Run-time dependency openblas found: NO (tried pkgconfig and framework)
      
            ../../scipy/meson.build:134:7: ERROR: Dependency "OpenBLAS" not found, tried pkgconfig and framework
      
            A full log can be found at /private/var/folders/8t/c7vp1svx67q7d6tfsbc_zrs80000gn/T/pip-install-4eup58s4/scipy_557714486dd74653a564911cc099d6bb/.mesonpy-oy6xaeqf/build/meson-logs/meson-log.txt
            + meson setup --prefix=/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.11 /private/var/folders/8t/c7vp1svx67q7d6tfsbc_zrs80000gn/T/pip-install-4eup58s4/scipy_557714486dd74653a564911cc099d6bb /private/var/folders/8t/c7vp1svx67q7d6tfsbc_zrs80000gn/T/pip-install-4eup58s4/scipy_557714486dd74653a564911cc099d6bb/.mesonpy-oy6xaeqf/build --native-file=/private/var/folders/8t/c7vp1svx67q7d6tfsbc_zrs80000gn/T/pip-install-4eup58s4/scipy_557714486dd74653a564911cc099d6bb/.mesonpy-native-file.ini -Ddebug=false -Doptimization=2
            [end of output]
      
        note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
      error: metadata-generation-failed
      
      × Encountered error while generating package metadata.
      ╰─> See above for output.
      
      note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
      hint: See above for details.
      
      [notice] A new release of pip available: 22.3.1 -> 23.1.2
      [notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× pip subprocess to install build dependencies did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

[notice] A new release of pip available: 22.3.1 -> 23.1.2
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

解决方案 #

方案1：通过pip安装（手动处理依赖）

1. 升级pip

   pip3 install --upgrade pip
   

2. 安装OpenBLAS
   用Homebrew安装OpenBLAS：

   brew install openblas
   

3. 指定OpenBLAS路径安装scikit-learn
   执行以下命令，让pip找到OpenBLAS依赖：

   OPENBLAS=$(brew --prefix openblas) pip3 install scikit-learn
   

方案2：使用conda安装（推荐，自动处理依赖）

如果你的环境是基于conda（比如miniforge，适配M1芯片），直接执行：

conda install scikit-learn

conda会自动配置所有依赖项，无需手动处理OpenBLAS路径问题。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者jason li