Python无法导入spaCy及下载en_core_web_sm问题求助

问题概述 #

• 导入spaCy时触发ImportError: cannot import name util
• 执行python -m spacy download en_core_web_sm时触发TypeError: issubclass() arg 1 must be a class
• 已确认spaCy已安装，尝试卸载模型但提示未安装

错误详情 #

Error1：导入spaCy失败 #

ImportError                               Traceback (most recent call last)
~\AppData\Local\Temp/ipykernel_11524/513823458.py in <module>
      1 import sys
----> 2 import spacy

~\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\__init__.py in <module>
     12 from thinc.api import Config
     13 
---> 14 from . import pipeline  # noqa: F401
     15 from .cli.info import info  # noqa: F401
     16 from .glossary import explain  # noqa: F401

~\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\pipeline\__init__.py in <module>
----> 1 from .attributeruler import AttributeRuler
      2 from .dep_parser import DependencyParser
      3 from .edit_tree_lemmatizer import EditTreeLemmatizer
      4 from .entity_linker import EntityLinker
      5 from .ner import EntityRecognizer

~\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\pipeline\attributeruler.py in <module>
      4 from pathlib import Path
      5 
---> 6 from .pipe import Pipe
      7 from ..errors import Errors
      8 from ..training import Example

~\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\pipeline\pipe.pyx in init spacy.pipeline.pipe()

~\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\vocab.pyx in init spacy.vocab()

~\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\tokens\__init__.py in <module>
----> 1 from .doc import Doc
      2 from .token import Token
      3 from .span import Span
      4 from .span_group import SpanGroup
      5 from ._serialize import DocBin

~\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\tokens\doc.pyx in init spacy.tokens.doc()

ImportError: cannot import name util

Error2：模型下载失败 #

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\akira\anaconda3\lib\runpy.py", line 188, in _run_module_as_main
    mod_name, mod_spec, code = _get_module_details(mod_name, _Error)
  File "C:\Users\akira\anaconda3\lib\runpy.py", line 147, in _get_module_details
    return _get_module_details(pkg_main_name, error)
  File "C:\Users\akira\anaconda3\lib\runpy.py", line 111, in _get_module_details
    __import__(pkg_name)
  File "C:\Users\akira\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\__init__.py", line 14, in <module>
    from . import pipeline  # noqa: F401
  File "C:\Users\akira\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\pipeline\__init__.py", line 1, in <module>
    from .attributeruler import AttributeRuler
  File "C:\Users\akira\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\pipeline\attributeruler.py", line 6, in <module>
    from .pipe import Pipe
  File "spacy\pipeline\pipe.pyx", line 1, in init spacy.pipeline.pipe
  File "spacy\vocab.pyx", line 1, in init spacy.vocab
  File "C:\Users\akira\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\tokens\__init__.py", line 1, in <module>
    from .doc import Doc
  File "spacy\tokens\doc.pyx", line 36, in init spacy.tokens.doc
  File "C:\Users\akira\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python39\site-packages\spacy\schemas.py", line 222, in <module>
    class TokenPattern(BaseModel):
  File "pydantic\main.py", line 205, in pydantic.main.ModelMetaclass.__new__
  File "pydantic\fields.py", line 491, in pydantic.fields.ModelField.infer
  File "pydantic\fields.py", line 421, in pydantic.fields.ModelField.__init__
  File "pydantic\fields.py", line 537, in pydantic.fields.ModelField.prepare
  File "pydantic\fields.py", line 634, in pydantic.fields.ModelField._type_analysis
  File "pydantic\fields.py", line 641, in pydantic.fields.ModelField._type_analysis
  File "C:\Users\akira\anaconda3\lib\typing.py", line 847, in __subclasscheck__
    return issubclass(cls, self.__origin__)
TypeError: issubclass() arg 1 must be a class

解决方案 #

1. 彻底清理现有spaCy及依赖 #

执行以下命令卸载所有相关包：

pip uninstall -y spacy pydantic thinc

2. 安装兼容版本 #

针对Python 3.9，推荐安装spaCy 3.4.x版本（该版本与Python3.9及pydantic 1.x完全兼容）：

pip install spacy==3.4.4

3. 下载模型 #

重新运行模型下载命令：

python -m spacy download en_core_web_sm

4. 验证安装 #

创建测试脚本验证导入和使用：

import spacy
nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm")
doc = nlp("Hello, world!")
for token in doc:
    print(token.text, token.pos_)

原因说明 #

出现这两个错误的核心是版本不兼容：

• 较新的spaCy版本（3.5+）对Python 3.9的类型处理存在兼容性问题，且依赖的pydantic 2.x与Python3.9的typing模块不匹配，导致issubclass报错
• ImportError: cannot import name util是因为spaCy内部模块依赖缺失或版本冲突，清理后重新安装兼容版本即可解决

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Akira Yoshimura