Ubuntu 20.04安装Chromadb时hnswlib编译失败求助

在Ubuntu 20.04 Focal系统执行pip install chromadb时，构建hnswlib的wheel失败，编译阶段提示找不到Python.h文件，已更新系统和gcc但问题未解决。详细报错信息如下：

构建hnswlib的wheel（pyproject.toml）... 错误
  错误：子进程退出码异常
  
  × 构建hnswlib的wheel（pyproject.toml）未成功运行。
  │ 退出码：1
  ╰─> [21行输出]
      运行bdist_wheel
      运行build
      运行build_ext
      创建tmp目录
      x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -fPIC -I/home/namanc/codes/langchian_chromadb/venv/include -I/usr/include/python3.10 -c /tmp/tmp822lkln8.cpp -o tmp/tmp822lkln8.o -std=c++14
      x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -fPIC -I/home/namanc/codes/langchian_chromadb/venv/include -I/usr/include/python3.10 -c /tmp/tmpw33wg22s.cpp -o tmp/tmpw33wg22s.o -fvisibility=hidden
      构建'hnswlib'扩展
      创建build目录
      创建build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-310目录
      创建build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-310/python_bindings目录
      x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fwrapv -O2 -fPIC -I/tmp/pip-build-env-izlfj5h4/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pybind11/include -I/tmp/pip-build-env-izlfj5h4/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I./hnswlib/ -I/home/namanc/codes/langchian_chromadb/venv/include -I/usr/include/python3.10 -c ./python_bindings/bindings.cpp -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-310/./python_bindings/bindings.o -O3 -fopenmp -DVERSION_INFO="0.7.0" -std=c++14 -fvisibility=hidden
      从/tmp/pip-build-env-izlfj5h4/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pybind11/include/pybind11/detail/../attr.h:13引入文件时，
                       来自/tmp/pip-build-env-izlfj5h4/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pybind11/include/pybind11/detail/class.h:12,
                       来自/tmp/pip-build-env-izlfj5h4/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pybind11/include/pybind11/pybind11.h:13,
                       来自/tmp/pip-build-env-izlfj5h4/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pybind11/include/pybind11/functional.h:12,
                       来自./python_bindings/bindings.cpp:2:
      /tmp/pip-build-env-izlfj5h4/overlay/lib/python3.10/site-packages/pybind11/include/pybind11/detail/../detail/common.h:266:10: 致命错误：Python.h：没有那个文件或目录
        266 | #include <Python.h>
            |          ^~~~~~~~~~
      编译终止。
      错误：命令'/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc'执行失败，退出码1
      [输出结束]
  
  注意：此错误源自子进程，大概率不是pip的问题。
  错误：构建hnswlib的wheel失败
构建hnswlib失败
错误：无法为hnswlib构建wheel，这是安装基于pyproject.toml的项目所必需的

解决方法 #

• 安装对应Python版本的开发包（你的环境是Python3.10）：

  sudo apt-get install python3.10-dev
  

• 重新执行Chromadb安装命令：

  pip install chromadb
  

如果上述命令无效，可尝试安装通用Python开发依赖及编译工具：

sudo apt-get install python3-dev build-essential

原因说明 #

Ubuntu默认仅安装Python运行环境，当编译需要调用Python C接口的扩展库（如hnswlib）时，必须安装对应的开发包，该包包含编译所需的Python.h头文件及链接库。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Sinister _