Spring Boot 3升级：并发插入MariaDB时出现JPA死锁问题

不少开发者在从Spring Boot 2.x升级到3.x（搭配Hibernate 6.x）后，遇到过类似的批量插入死锁问题，尤其是MySQL/MariaDB环境下，之前稳定的代码突然出现高频死锁，以下是针对这类问题的分析和解决思路：

可能的原因 #

• Hibernate 6批量插入逻辑变更：Spring Boot 3.x默认适配Hibernate 6，它的JDBC批量处理实现（比如MutationExecutorSingleBatched）和Hibernate 5有明显差异，批量插入时锁的获取顺序、时机都可能变化，容易引发循环等待型死锁。
• 索引锁竞争：你提到的表有外键索引和状态索引，InnoDB在插入时会对涉及的索引加意向锁/排他锁，如果多个并行事务的插入操作涉及的索引键顺序不一致，就会形成死锁的必要条件——循环等待。
• 事务Flush时机调整：Spring Boot 3对JPA事务的默认Flush策略可能有微调，自动Flush的触发更频繁，导致多个事务同时执行批量插入操作，加剧锁竞争。

可行的解决办法 #

• 调整Hibernate批量配置
  • 降低批量大小：在application.properties中设置spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.jdbc.batch_size=10，减少单次批量操作涉及的数据量，缩小锁的覆盖范围。
  • 开启有序插入：添加spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.order_inserts=true，让Hibernate按固定顺序（比如主键、索引字段）排序插入语句，确保所有事务的锁获取顺序一致，从根源避免循环等待。
  • 禁用版本数据批量处理：如果你的实体没有使用乐观锁，可以设置spring.jpa.properties.hibernate.jdbc.batch_versioned_data=false。
• 优化表索引
  • 检查外键关联的表是否有长时间持锁的操作，避免外键触发的连锁锁竞争；如果状态索引的基数极低（比如只有2-3种状态），可以临时移除该索引测试，确认是否是索引导致的锁冲突。
• 添加事务重试机制
  • 死锁属于临时性异常，重试通常可以解决。用Spring Retry实现重试逻辑：

    @Retryable(value = {LockAcquisitionException.class, SQLTransactionRollbackException.class}, maxAttempts = 3, backoff = @Backoff(delay = 100))
    @Transactional
    public PurchaseOrder savePurchaseOrder(PurchaseOrder order) {
        return purchaseOrderRepository.save(order);
    }
    

• 调整测试并发策略
  • 如果死锁仅在测试环境出现，检查测试用例是否有大量并行插入该表的场景，降低测试并发度，或者对冲突的测试用例设置顺序执行，减少竞争。

异常栈信息 #

Caused by: org.hibernate.exception.LockAcquisitionException: could not execute batch [(conn=1247) Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction] [insert into `order_purchase_order` (`buyer_purchase_order_comment`,`created_at`,`current_state`,`last_modified_at`,`order_id`,`state_history`,`supplier_dialect_id`,`supplier_id`,`supplier_id_name`,`supplier_name`,`supplier_sales_order_reference`,`id`) values (?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)]
    at org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect.lambda$buildSQLExceptionConversionDelegate$3(MySQLDialect.java:1178)
    at org.hibernate.exception.internal.StandardSQLExceptionConverter.convert(StandardSQLExceptionConverter.java:56)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.spi.SqlExceptionHelper.convert(SqlExceptionHelper.java:108)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.batch.internal.BatchImpl.lambda$performExecution$2(BatchImpl.java:289)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.mutation.internal.PreparedStatementGroupSingleTable.forEachStatement(PreparedStatementGroupSingleTable.java:59)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.batch.internal.BatchImpl.performExecution(BatchImpl.java:262)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.batch.internal.BatchImpl.execute(BatchImpl.java:241)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.JdbcCoordinatorImpl.getBatch(JdbcCoordinatorImpl.java:173)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.mutation.internal.MutationExecutorSingleBatched.resolveBatch(MutationExecutorSingleBatched.java:47)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.mutation.internal.MutationExecutorSingleBatched.performBatchedOperations(MutationExecutorSingleBatched.java:60)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.mutation.internal.AbstractMutationExecutor.execute(AbstractMutationExecutor.java:55)
    at org.hibernate.persister.entity.mutation.InsertCoordinator.doStaticInserts(InsertCoordinator.java:170)
    at org.hibernate.persister.entity.mutation.InsertCoordinator.coordinateInsert(InsertCoordinator.java:112)
    at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.insert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2670)
    at org.hibernate.action.internal.EntityInsertAction.execute(EntityInsertAction.java:102)
    at org.hibernate.engine.spi.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:618)
    at org.hibernate.engine.spi.ActionQueue.lambda$executeActions$1(ActionQueue.java:489)
    at java.base/java.util.LinkedHashMap.forEach(LinkedHashMap.java:721)
    at org.hibernate.engine.spi.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:486)
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.AbstractFlushingEventListener.performExecutions(AbstractFlushingEventListener.java:358)
    at org.hibernate.event.internal.DefaultFlushEventListener.onFlush(DefaultFlushEventListener.java:39)
    at org.hibernate.event.service.internal.EventListenerGroupImpl.fireEventOnEachListener(EventListenerGroupImpl.java:127)
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.doFlush(SessionImpl.java:1412)
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.managedFlush(SessionImpl.java:485)
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.flushBeforeTransactionCompletion(SessionImpl.java:2296)
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.beforeTransactionCompletion(SessionImpl.java:1961)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.JdbcCoordinatorImpl.beforeTransactionCompletion(JdbcCoordinatorImpl.java:439)
    at org.hibernate.resource.transaction.backend.jdbc.internal.JdbcResourceLocalTransactionCoordinatorImpl.beforeCompletionCallback(JdbcResourceLocalTransactionCoordinatorImpl.java:169)
    at org.hibernate.resource.transaction.backend.jdbc.internal.JdbcResourceLocalTransactionCoordinatorImpl$TransactionDriverControlImpl.commit(JdbcResourceLocalTransactionCoordinatorImpl.java:267)
    at org.hibernate.engine.transaction.internal.TransactionImpl.commit(TransactionImpl.java:101)
    at org.springframework.orm.jpa.JpaTransactionManager.doCommit(JpaTransactionManager.java:561)
    ... 24 common frames omitted
Caused by: java.sql.BatchUpdateException: (conn=1247) Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.export.ExceptionFactory.createBatchUpdate(ExceptionFactory.java:215)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.client.impl.StandardClient.executePipeline(StandardClient.java:637)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeBatchPipeline(ClientPreparedStatement.java:196)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeInternalPreparedBatch(ClientPreparedStatement.java:128)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.ClientPreparedStatement.executeBatch(ClientPreparedStatement.java:466)
    at com.zaxxer.hikari.pool.ProxyStatement.executeBatch(ProxyStatement.java:127)
    at com.zaxxer.hikari.pool.HikariProxyPreparedStatement.executeBatch(HikariProxyPreparedStatement.java)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.batch.internal.BatchImpl.lambda$performExecution$2(BatchImpl.java:275)
    ... 51 common frames omitted
Caused by: java.sql.SQLTransactionRollbackException: (conn=1247) Deadlock found when trying to get lock; try restarting transaction
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.export.ExceptionFactory.createException(ExceptionFactory.java:296)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.export.ExceptionFactory.create(ExceptionFactory.java:370)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.message.ClientMessage.readPacket(ClientMessage.java:134)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.client.impl.StandardClient.readPacket(StandardClient.java:872)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.client.impl.StandardClient.readResults(StandardClient.java:811)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.client.impl.StandardClient.readResponse(StandardClient.java:730)
    at org.mariadb.jdbc.client.impl.StandardClient.executePipeline(StandardClient.java:571)
    ... 57 common frames omitted

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Matthias