NetBeans16+Gradle构建Jakarta EE9项目部署GlassFish时CDI不可用

用NetBeans 16创建了基于Gradle、Jakarta EE 9和PrimeFaces 12的Web项目，基础项目可正常部署到GlassFish 6.2.5服务器。但添加Jakarta EE和PrimeFaces依赖（未修改其他项目内容）后，部署时出现以下错误：

Error occurred during deployment: Exception while loading the app : java.lang.IllegalStateException: ContainerBase.addChild: start: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: java.lang.RuntimeException: java.lang.IllegalStateException: CDI is not available. Please see server.log for more details.

项目文件 #

build.gradle #

apply plugin: 'java'
apply plugin: 'jacoco'
apply plugin: 'war'

group = 'mygroup'
repositories {
    mavenCentral()
}

dependencies {
    
    testImplementation     'junit:junit:4.13'
    compileOnly 'jakarta.platform:jakarta.jakartaee-api:9.1.0'
    implementation 'org.primefaces:primefaces:12.0.0:jakarta'

}

web.xml #

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<web-app version="5.0"
    xmlns="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee"
    xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee/web-app_5_0.xsd">
    <context-param>
        <param-name>jakarta.faces.PROJECT_STAGE</param-name>
        <param-value>Development</param-value>
    </context-param>
   
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>jakarta.faces.webapp.FacesServlet</servlet-class>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>
    
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>*.xhtml</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    
    <welcome-file-list>
        <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
    </welcome-file-list>
</web-app>

glassfish-web.xml #

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
    Copyright (c) 1997, 2018 Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    This program and the accompanying materials are made available under the
    terms of the Eclipse Public License v. 2.0, which is available at
    http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-2.0.

    This Source Code may also be made available under the following Secondary
    Licenses when the conditions for such availability set forth in the
    Eclipse Public License v. 2.0 are satisfied: GNU General Public License,
    version 2 with the GNU Classpath Exception, which is available at
    https://www.gnu.org/software/classpath/license.html.

    SPDX-License-Identifier: EPL-2.0 OR GPL-2.0 WITH Classpath-exception-2.0
-->
<!DOCTYPE glassfish-web-app PUBLIC "-//GlassFish.org//DTD GlassFish Application Server 3.1 Servlet 3.0//EN" "http://glassfish.org/dtds/glassfish-web-app_3_0-1.dtd">
<glassfish-web-app error-url="">
  <class-loader delegate="true"/>
  <jsp-config>
    <property name="keepgenerated" value="true">
      <description>Keep a copy of the generated servlet class' java code.</description>
    </property>
  </jsp-config>
</glassfish-web-app>

测试情况 #

• 移除PrimeFaces依赖后，错误消失；
• 复制可正常部署的项目，仅保留build.gradle、web.xml和glassfish-web.xml，仍出现“java.lang.IllegalStateException: CDI is not available”错误。

解决方法 #

1. 添加CDI启用配置文件 #

GlassFish 6.x默认支持CDI，但项目缺少标识文件触发CDI初始化。在src/main/resources/META-INF目录下创建beans.xml，内容如下：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee/beans_3_0.xsd"
       version="3.0"
       bean-discovery-mode="all">
</beans>

bean-discovery-mode="all"会让CDI扫描项目所有类，适合开发阶段使用。

2. 调整依赖配置（可选） #

PrimeFaces 12 Jakarta版本依赖CDI，当前jakarta.jakartaee-api使用compileOnly范围（仅编译时可用），GlassFish自带API实现，无需额外添加实现类，但可补充CDI API依赖确保编译时无缺失：

compileOnly 'jakarta.enterprise:jakarta.enterprise.cdi-api:3.0.0'

3. 更新glassfish-web.xml的DTD版本 #

当前glassfish-web.xml使用的是Servlet 3.0的DTD，与Jakarta EE 9（对应Servlet 5.0）不兼容，更新为GlassFish 6对应版本：

<!DOCTYPE glassfish-web-app PUBLIC "-//Eclipse Foundation//DTD GlassFish Application Server 6.0 Servlet 5.0//EN" "https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/jakartaee/glassfish-web-app_5_0-1.dtd">

4. 清理并重新构建部署 #

执行gradle clean war清理旧构建文件，确保新配置和依赖被正确打包，之后重新部署到GlassFish。若仍有问题，查看server.log获取更详细的错误堆栈信息。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Antonio J. Vélez Q.