Jupyter中Cartopy包安装失败求助：多种方法尝试均无效

问题概述 #

在Jupyter中尝试多种命令安装Cartopy均失败，已提前安装geos、proj、cython等依赖包，但仍无法完成安装。尝试过的命令包括：

• ! pip install cartopy
• ! pip install Cartopy-0.20.2-cp38-cp38-win_amd64.whl
• ! conda install cartopy
• ! conda install -c conda-forge cartopy
• !pip install --global-option=build_ext --global-option="-I C:\Users\My Name\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python310\Scripts" --global-option="-L C:\Users\My Name\AppData\Roaming\Python\Python310\Scripts" cartopy

核心报错信息 #

所有尝试均返回以下关键错误：

Building wheels for collected packages: cartopy
  Building wheel for cartopy (pyproject.toml): started
  Building wheel for cartopy (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'
Failed to build cartopy
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  Building wheel for cartopy (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  exit code: 1
  
  [286 lines of output]
  <string>:90: UserWarning: Unable to determine GEOS version. Ensure you have 3.7.2 or later installed, or installation may fail.

(286 lines of output)

fatal error C1083: Cannot open include file: 'geos_c.h': No such file or directory
  error: command 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\2022\\BuildTools\\VC\\Tools\\MSVC\\14.36.32532\\bin\\HostX86\\x64\\cl.exe' failed with exit code 2
  [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for cartopy
ERROR: Could not build wheels for cartopy, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects

针对性解决步骤 #

1. 修复GEOS路径识别问题 #

报错核心是系统找不到geos_c.h文件，需手动配置环境变量：

• 找到GEOS的实际安装目录（conda安装路径通常为你的conda环境路径\Lib\site-packages\geos；手动安装则可能在C:\Program Files\GEOS）
• 将GEOS的include子目录（包含geos_c.h的文件夹）添加到系统环境变量INCLUDE中
• 将GEOS的lib子目录添加到系统环境变量LIB中
• 重启Jupyter后重新尝试安装命令

2. 标准化conda安装流程 #

若使用conda安装失败，执行以下命令确保conda-forge渠道优先级并安装匹配版本：

!conda config --add channels conda-forge
!conda config --set channel_priority strict
!conda install cartopy=0.20.2 geos=3.10.1 proj=9.0.1

3. 正确使用预编译whl文件 #

确保下载的whl文件与你的Python版本、系统架构完全匹配（比如Python3.8对应cp38，Windows64位对应win_amd64），然后使用绝对路径安装：

!pip install "C:\完整路径\Cartopy-0.20.2-cp38-cp38-win_amd64.whl"

注意路径若含空格需用双引号包裹。

4. 检查Visual Studio Build Tools完整性 #

确认Visual Studio Build Tools已安装Desktop development with C++组件，包含MSVC编译器、Windows SDK等必要工具，且版本与报错中的编译器版本兼容。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者crizzy21342