在Apache部署的Flask WSGI环境中运行Selenium失败的问题排查

我在虚拟环境（venv）中开发的Flask项目，部署到Apache服务器的WSGI环境后，运行Selenium时出现错误，怀疑是权限问题但迟迟找不到解决办法。

Flask核心代码 #

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import FirefoxOptions
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

def create_session():
    chrome_options = Options()
    chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
    chrome_options.add_argument('--headless')
    chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage')
    chrome_options.binary_location="/snap/bin/chromium"
    chrome_options.add_argument("--log-path='/path/to/app/geckodriver.log'")
    service = Service('/usr/bin/chromedriver')
    browser=webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=chrome_options)

    browser.get('https://someaddress.com/login')

测试路由 #

@app.route('/test')
def test():
    r = create_session()

Apache错误日志（apache2/error.log） #

[...] [wsgi:error] [...] [client ...]   File "/path/to/app/selenium-stuff.py", line 34, in create_session
[...] [wsgi:error] [...] [client ...]     browser = webdriver.Firefox(service=service, options=opts)
[...] [wsgi:error] [...] [client ...]   File "/path/to/app/venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/firefox/webdriver.py", line 61, in __init__
[...] [wsgi:error] [...] [client ...]     self.service.start()
[...] [wsgi:error] [...] [client ...]   File "/path/to/app/venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py", line 97, in start
[...] [wsgi:error] [...] [client ...]     self.assert_process_still_running()
[...] [wsgi:error] [...] [client ...]   File "/path/to/app/venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py", line 110, in assert_process_still_running
[...] [wsgi:error] [...] [client ...]     raise WebDriverException(f"Service {self._path} unexpectedly exited. Status code was: {return_code}")
[...] [wsgi:error] [...] [client ...] selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: Service /snap/bin/geckodriver unexpectedly exited. Status code was: 1

已尝试的解决步骤 #

• 启用无头模式（headless）
• 切换至Chromium及chrome-driver

geckodriver.log已创建并设置chmod +w权限，但日志内容极少；/snap/bin/geckodriver存在且为全局可执行权限。该函数在两种场景下可正常运行：(a) 直接通过python3命令行调用；(b) 通过Flask开发服务器调用，但在Apache/WSGI环境下无法运行，因此锁定为权限相关问题。

补充测试结果 #

以普通非特权用户运行/usr/bin/chromedriver可正常工作，但执行sudo -u www-data /usr/bin/chromedriver时出现以下错误：

/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-2.scope is not a snap cgroup

这表明chromedriver无法以www-data用户运行。曾临时禁用apparmor.service，但无任何改善。

最终解决方案 #

放弃使用Chromium/chrome-driver，转回Firefox。通过启用开发者模式重装Firefox，规避了部分沙箱权限限制，问题得以解决。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者jrs44