如何编写Dockerfile运行非无头模式的Selenium GUI程序？

我开发了一款Python程序，从数据库获取信息后访问网站执行操作，使用Selenium实现，要求以非无头（non-headless）模式运行。简化后的程序代码如下：

import time

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium_stealth import stealth


options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_driver_path = "chromedriver.exe"
options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
stealth(driver,
        languages=["en-US", "en"],
        vendor="Google Inc.",
        platform="Win32",
        webgl_vendor="Intel Inc.",
        renderer="Intel Iris OpenGL Engine",
        fix_hairline=True,
        )


driver.get('https://google.com')

time.sleep(10)
driver.close()
driver.quit()
print('Test done')

我尝试了两个Dockerfile：

• 方案一运行后报错，错误信息：

2023-07-26 12:39:59 Traceback (most recent call last):
2023-07-26 12:39:59   File "/app/main.py", line 11, in <module>
2023-07-26 12:39:59     driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
2023-07-26 12:39:59   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py", line 49, in __init__
2023-07-26 12:39:59     super().__init__(
2023-07-26 12:39:59   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py", line 54, in __init__
2023-07-26 12:39:59     super().__init__(
2023-07-26 12:39:59   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py", line 206, in __init__
2023-07-26 12:39:59     self.start_session(capabilities)
2023-07-26 12:39:59   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py", line 291, in start_session
2023-07-26 12:39:59     response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, caps)["value"]
2023-07-26 12:39:59   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py", line 346, in execute
2023-07-26 12:39:59     self.error_handler.check_response(response)
2023-07-26 12:39:59   File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/errorhandler.py", line 245, in check_response
2023-07-26 12:39:59     raise exception_class(message, screen, stacktrace)
2023-07-26 12:39:59 selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: unknown error: Chrome failed to start: exited abnormally.
2023-07-26 12:39:59   (unknown error: DevToolsActivePort file doesn't exist)
2023-07-26 12:39:59   (The process started from chrome location /usr/bin/google-chrome is no longer running, so ChromeDriver is assuming that Chrome has crashed.)
2023-07-26 12:39:59 Stacktrace:
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #0 0x55cb45ef94e3 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #1 0x55cb45c28c76 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #2 0x55cb45c51d78 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #3 0x55cb45c4e029 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #4 0x55cb45c8cccc <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #5 0x55cb45c8c47f <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #6 0x55cb45c83de3 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #7 0x55cb45c592dd <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #8 0x55cb45c5a34e <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #9 0x55cb45eb93e4 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #10 0x55cb45ebd3d7 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #11 0x55cb45ec7b20 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #12 0x55cb45ebe023 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #13 0x55cb45e8c1aa <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #14 0x55cb45ee26b8 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #15 0x55cb45ee2847 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #16 0x55cb45ef2243 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59 #17 0x7f6861704fd4 <unknown>
2023-07-26 12:39:59

• 方案二运行后无任何响应。

请问应该编写什么样的Dockerfile才能正常运行该程序？

第一步：修改Python代码 #

原代码存在Windows环境路径依赖、缺少Linux启动参数的问题，修改后代码如下：

import time
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium_stealth import stealth
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from webdriver_manager.chrome import ChromeDriverManager

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
# 添加Linux环境下Chrome必需的启动参数
options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")
options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
# 非无头模式需指定窗口大小，配合虚拟显示使用
options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")
options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)

# 用webdriver-manager自动匹配ChromeDriver版本，无需手动指定路径
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=Service(ChromeDriverManager().install()), options=options)

stealth(driver,
        languages=["en-US", "en"],
        vendor="Google Inc.",
        platform="Linux x86_64",  # 改为Linux平台，匹配Docker环境
        webgl_vendor="Intel Inc.",
        renderer="Intel Iris OpenGL Engine",
        fix_hairline=True,
        )

driver.get('https://google.com')
time.sleep(10)
driver.quit()
print('Test done')

第二步：编写Dockerfile #

Docker容器无原生图形界面，需安装Chrome、虚拟显示服务（Xvfb）及依赖库，Dockerfile内容：

# 基于Python 3.9 slim镜像构建
FROM python:3.9-slim

# 设置工作目录
WORKDIR /app

# 安装系统依赖：Chrome浏览器、Xvfb虚拟显示、图形依赖库
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    google-chrome-stable \
    xvfb \
    libxss1 \
    libappindicator1 \
    libasound2 \
    libnss3 \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

# 复制并安装Python依赖（先复制requirements.txt可利用Docker缓存）
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

# 复制程序代码
COPY main.py .

# 启动命令：先启动Xvfb虚拟显示，再执行Python程序
CMD ["sh", "-c", "Xvfb :99 -screen 0 1920x1080x24 & export DISPLAY=:99 && python main.py"]

第三步：创建requirements.txt #

列出所有Python依赖包：

selenium
selenium-stealth
webdriver-manager

关键说明 #

1. Xvfb的作用：Docker容器无图形界面，Xvfb提供虚拟X服务器，让Chrome能在非无头模式下渲染界面。
2. Chrome启动参数：--no-sandbox关闭沙箱（Docker环境无需沙箱），--disable-dev-shm-usage避免临时空间不足导致Chrome崩溃。
3. webdriver-manager：自动下载匹配当前Chrome版本的ChromeDriver，解决版本兼容问题。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Nero