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Next.js 13中使用Mongoose时遭遇的多类错误排查

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云上老周
2026-7-14
问题描述

我在Next.js 13的新应用路由中，尝试用Mongoose在路由处理器里创建用户，但遇到了两个连续的错误：

API路由代码 

import { NextResponse } from "next/server";
import { User } from "@/mongo";

async function handler(request: Request) {
    
    const payload = await request.json();
    const user = payload.data.id;

    if (payload.type === "user.created") {
        try {
            console.log(User);
            const createdUser = await User.create({
                userId: user,
            });
            console.log(createdUser);
            return NextResponse.json({ message: `User: ${user} successfully added` });
        } catch (error) {
            return NextResponse.json({ message: `Error: ${error}` }, { status: 500 });
        }
    }
}

export const GET = handler;
export const POST = handler;
export const PUT = handler;

第一个错误：CommentSchema未定义

调用API端点时触发如下错误：

dev: - error Error [TypeError]: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'CommentSchema')
dev:     at Module.CommentSchema (webpack-internal:///(sc_server)/./mongo/index.ts:3:104)
dev:     at eval (webpack-internal:///(sc_server)/./mongo/Review.ts:38:40)
dev:     at (sc_server)/./mongo/Review.ts (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:82:1)
dev:     at __webpack_require__ (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/webpack-runtime.js:33:42)
dev:     at eval (webpack-internal:///(sc_server)/./mongo/index.ts:11:65)
dev:     at (sc_server)/./mongo/index.ts (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:102:1)
dev:     at __webpack_require__ (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/webpack-runtime.js:33:42)
dev:     at eval (webpack-internal:///(sc_server)/./app/api/webhooks/user/route.ts:8:64)
dev:     at (sc_server)/./app/api/webhooks/user/route.ts (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:52:1)
dev:     at __webpack_require__ (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/webpack-runtime.js:33:42)
dev:     at eval (webpack-internal:///(sc_server)/./node_modules/next/dist/build/webpack/loaders/next-app-loader.js?name=app%2Fapi%2Fwebhooks%2Fuser%2Froute&page=%2Fapi%2Fwebhooks%2Fuser%2Froute&appPaths=&pagePath=private-next-app-dir%2Fapi%2Fwebhooks%2Fuser%2Froute.ts&appDir=%2Fhome%2Fethan-krich%2FEthans%20Work%2FeTech%20Stuff%2Fcommerce-karma%2Fapp&pageExtensions=tsx&pageExtensions=ts&pageExtensions=jsx&pageExtensions=js&rootDir=%2Fhome%2Fethan-krich%2FEthans%20Work%2FeTech%20Stuff%2Fcommerce-karma&isDev=true&tsconfigPath=tsconfig.json&basePath=&assetPrefix=&nextConfigOutput=&preferredRegion=&middlewareConfig=e30%3D!:15:145)
dev:     at (sc_server)/./node_modules/next/dist/build/webpack/loaders/next-app-loader.js?name=app%2Fapi%2Fwebhooks%2Fuser%2Froute&page=%2Fapi%2Fwebhooks%2Fuser%2Froute&appPaths=&pagePath=private-next-app-dir%2Fapi%2Fwebhooks%2Fuser%2Froute.ts&appDir=%2Fhome%2Fethan-krich%2FEthans%20Work%2FeTech%20Stuff%2Fcommerce-karma%2Fapp&pageExtensions=tsx&pageExtensions=ts&pageExtensions=jsx&pageExtensions=js&rootDir=%2Fhome%2Fethan-krich%2FEthans%20Work%2FeTech%20Stuff%2Fcommerce-karma&isDev=true&tsconfigPath=tsconfig.json&basePath=&assetPrefix=&nextConfigOutput=&preferredRegion=&middlewareConfig=e30%3D! (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:42:1)
dev:     at __webpack_require__ (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/webpack-runtime.js:33:42)
dev:     at __webpack_exec__ (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:682:39)
dev:     at /home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:683:28)
dev:     at Object.<anonymous> (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:686:3)
dev:     at Module._compile (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1233:14)
dev:     at Module._extensions..js (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1287:10)
dev:     at Module.load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1091:32)
dev:     at Module._load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:938:12)
dev:     at Module.require (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1115:19)
dev:     at require (node:internal/helpers:119:18)
dev:     at requirePage (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/node_modules/next/dist/server/require.js:112:75)
dev:     at /home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/node_modules/next/dist/server/load-components.js:80:84)
dev:     at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:95:5)
dev:     at async loadComponentsImpl (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/node_modules/next/dist/server/load-components.js:80:26)
dev:     at async DevServer.findPageComponentsImpl (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/node_modules/next/dist/server/next-server.js:772:36) {
dev:   digest: undefined
dev: }

相关Schema代码

评论Schema 

import mongoose from "mongoose";

export const CommentSchema = new mongoose.Schema ({
    text: {
        type: String,
        required: true,
    },
    author: {
        type: mongoose.Types.ObjectId,
        required: true,
        ref: "User",
    },
    createdAt: {
        type: Date,
        required: true,
        default: () => Date.now(),
    },
    updatedAt: Date,
})

CommentSchema.pre("save", function (next) {
    this.updatedAt = () => Date.now() as Date;
    next();
});

用户Schema 

import mongoose from "mongoose";

const UserSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
    userId: {
        type: String,
        required: true,
    },
    bio: String,
    createdAt: {
        type: Date,
        required: true,
        default: () => Date.now(),
    },
    updatedAt: Date,
});

UserSchema.pre ("save", function (next) {
    this.updatedAt = () => Date.now() as Date
    next()
})

export default mongoose.model("User", UserSchema);

编辑补充：修复CommentSchema后出现新错误

修复CommentSchema的引用问题后，又触发如下错误，且之前的错误偶尔会重现：

dev: - error Error [OverwriteModelError]: Cannot overwrite `User` model once compiled.
dev:     at Mongoose.model (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/node_modules/mongoose/lib/index.js:563:13)
dev:     at eval (webpack-internal:///(sc_server)/./mongo/User.ts:25:114)
dev:     at (sc_server)/./mongo/User.ts (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:92:1)
dev:     at __webpack_require__ (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/webpack-runtime.js:33:42)
dev:     at eval (webpack-internal:///(sc_server)/./mongo/index.ts:10:63)
dev:     at (sc_server)/./mongo/index.ts (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:102:1)
dev:     at __webpack_require__ (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/webpack-runtime.js:33:42)
dev:     at eval (webpack-internal:///(sc_server)/./app/api/webhooks/user/route.ts:8:64)
dev:     at (sc_server)/./app/api/webhooks/user/route.ts (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/app/api/webhooks/user/route.js:52:1)
dev:     at __webpack_require__ (/home/ethan-krich/Ethans Work/eTech Stuff/commerce-karma/.next/server/webpack-runtime.js:33:42)
解决方案

1. 修复CommentSchema未定义错误

这个错误根源是Review.ts里引用CommentSchema时路径错误，或者出现了循环引用，按以下步骤排查：

  • 核对Review.ts中导入CommentSchema的路径，确保和文件实际位置一致
  • 检查Schema间的依赖：如果Review用到CommentSchema，同时Comment又依赖Review，会触发循环引用，需要调整结构
  • 确认mongo/index.ts里正确导出了CommentSchema，没有拼写错误

2. 修复User模型重复编译错误

Next.js开发模式的热重载会重复加载模块，而Mongoose不允许同一个模型被多次编译。修改用户Schema文件，先检查模型是否已存在，再创建：

import mongoose from "mongoose";

const UserSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
    userId: {
        type: String,
        required: true,
    },
    bio: String,
    createdAt: {
        type: Date,
        required: true,
        default: () => Date.now(),
    },
    updatedAt: Date,
});

UserSchema.pre ("save", function (next) {
    this.updatedAt = new Date(); // 替换原写法，直接生成当前时间更简洁
    next()
})

// 先检查是否已存在User模型，避免重复创建
export default mongoose.models.User || mongoose.model("User", UserSchema);

同时，建议统一MongoDB连接逻辑，避免每次请求重复连接：
创建mongo/connection.ts：

import mongoose from "mongoose";

async function connect() {
    // 如果已连接则直接返回
    if (mongoose.connections[0].readyState) return;
    await mongoose.connect(process.env.MONGODB_URI!);
}

export default connect;

修改API路由，确保每次请求前已连接数据库：

import { NextResponse } from "next/server";
import { User } from "@/mongo";
import connect from "@/mongo/connection";

async function handler(request: Request) {
    await connect();
    
    const payload = await request.json();
    const user = payload.data.id;

    if (payload.type === "user.created") {
        try {
            const createdUser = await User.create({
                userId: user,
            });
            return NextResponse.json({ message: `User: ${user} successfully added` });
        } catch (error) {
            return NextResponse.json({ message: `Error: ${error}` }, { status: 500 });
        }
    }
    // 处理无效请求类型
    return NextResponse.json({ message: "Invalid request type" }, { status: 400 });
}

// 只保留需要的请求方法，GET/PUT不需要则删除
export const POST = handler;

额外注意事项

  • 如果开发模式下仍出现模型重复问题，尝试重启Next.js服务
  • 确保所有Schema文件的导入/导出方式统一，避免默认导出和命名导出混淆
  • 检查mongo/index.ts的导出逻辑，示例如下：
    import User from "./User";
import { CommentSchema } from "./Comment";

export { User, CommentSchema };

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Ethan

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最近更新时间：2026.07.14 18:30:02