Windows下编译pybind11头文件报错求助

问题概述 #

用pybind11实现C++与Python交互，Linux环境编译成功，但在Windows10 64位MINGW64环境编译时，pybind11头文件出现编译错误，需获取问题解决思路、pybind11替代方案或Linux到Windows的跨编译详细指南。

代码片段 #

pyBind.cpp #

#include "pybind11/pybind11.h"
#include "pythonFunctionBind.hpp"

namespace py = pybind11;
PYBIND11_MODULE(pybindTest,m) {
    m.doc() = "pybind test but i don't know where to put my project";
    m.def("A",&returnAP,"return 3");
    m.def("B",&returnBP,"return 4");
}

pythonFunctionBind.hpp #

#ifndef pythonBind_hpp
#define pythonBind_hpp

#include <vector>
#include <iostream>

class A {
    public:
        int i;
        int j;
        void write();
        void print();
        int returnP();
        std::vector<int> s;
    protected:
        int p;
        void writeI();
        void writeJ();
        virtual void writeP();
};

class B: public A {
   protected:
        void writeP() override;
};

int returnAP();
int returnBP();

#endif

pythonFunctionBind.cpp #

#include "pythonFunctionBind.hpp"

void A::write() {
    writeI();
    writeJ();
    writeP();
}

void A::print() {
    std::cout << i << j << p << "\n";
}

int A::returnP() {
    return p;
}

void A::writeI() {
    i = 1;
}

void A::writeJ() {
    j = 2;
}

void A::writeP() {
    p = 3;
}

void B::writeP() {
    p = 4;
}

int returnAP() {
    A a;
    a.write();
    int p = a.returnP();
    return p;
}

int returnBP() {
    B b;
    b.write();
    int p = b.returnP();
    return p;
}

编译命令 #

g++ -std=c++14 -fpermissive -shared -fPIC -static-libgcc -static-libstdc++ -I./include/ -I./pybind11/include/ `python -m pybind11 --includes` pyBind.cpp pythonFunctionBind.cpp -o pybindTest.pyd `python-config --ldflags` -lmingw32 -mwindows -L libwinpthread-1.dll

错误信息 #

In file included from pybind11/detail/../detail/Python.h:63,
                 from pybind11/detail/../detail/common.h:266,
                 from pybind11/detail/../attr.h:13,
                 from pybind11/detail/class.h:12,
                 from pybind11/pybind11.h:13,
                 from pyBind.cpp:2:
pybind11/detail/../detail/cpython/fileutils.h:17:12: warning: declaration does not declare anything [-f
permissive]
   17 | PyAPI_FUNC(_Py_error_handler); _Py_GetErrorHandler(const char *errors);
      |            ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
pybind11/detail/../detail/pyport.h:683:77: note: in definition of macro 'PyAPI_FUNC'
  683 | #                               define PyAPI_FUNC(RTYPE) Py_IMPORTED_SYMBOL RTYPE
      |                                                                             ^~~~~
In file included from pybind11/detail/../detail/fileutils.h:23,
                 from pybind11/detail/../detail/Python.h:159:
pybind11/detail/../detail/cpython/fileutils.h:17:71: error: expected constructor, destructor, or type c
onversion before ';' token
   17 | PyAPI_FUNC(_Py_error_handler); _Py_GetErrorHandler(const char *errors);
      |  

解决思路 #

1. 排查Python环境兼容性 #

• 官方Windows Python是MSVC编译的，与MINGW的ABI不兼容，会导致头文件解析错误。必须使用MINGW编译的Python，比如通过MSYS2仓库安装mingw-w64-x86_64-python。
• 验证Python架构：确保Python是64位版本，与MINGW64工具链匹配。

2. 修正编译命令 #

• 移除-fPIC：Windows下MINGW编译共享库不需要该参数（仅Linux需要）。
• 替换python-config --ldflags为python -m pybind11 --ldflags：避免MINGW下python-config输出MSVC相关冲突参数。
• 删除-lmingw32 -mwindows：这是编译GUI程序的选项，Python扩展无需依赖。
• 调整后示例命令：

  g++ -std=c++14 -fpermissive -shared -static-libgcc -static-libstdc++ -I./include/ -I./pybind11/include/ `python -m pybind11 --includes` pyBind.cpp pythonFunctionBind.cpp -o pybindTest.pyd `python -m pybind11 --ldflags`
  

3. 临时头文件修复（不推荐长期使用） #

错误源于_Py_error_handler类型未定义，可在包含pybind11头文件前手动声明：

typedef int (*_Py_error_handler)(void);
#include "pybind11/pybind11.h"

但更根本的是解决Python环境兼容性问题，修改pybind11源码可能导致后续版本兼容问题。

pybind11替代方案 #

• Boost.Python：老牌绑定库，兼容性强，支持多平台，但依赖Boost库，编译体积较大。
• Cython：通过类Python语法生成C扩展，适合Python开发者，无需深入C++，跨平台编译更简单。
• SWIG：多语言绑定工具，基于配置文件，适合已有大量C++代码快速绑定场景。

Linux到Windows跨编译指南（MINGW64） #

步骤1：安装交叉编译工具链 #

在Linux上安装MINGW64工具链：

sudo apt install mingw-w64

步骤2：准备MINGW版本Python #

• 从MSYS2仓库下载预编译的MINGW64 Python，解压到指定路径（如/opt/mingw-python），包含头文件和库文件。

步骤3：用CMake管理编译（推荐） #

创建CMakeLists.txt：

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.15)
project(pybindTest)

set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 14)
set(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER x86_64-w64-mingw32-g++)
set(Python_ROOT_DIR /opt/mingw-python)
find_package(Python REQUIRED COMPONENTS Development)

add_subdirectory(pybind11)
pybind11_add_module(pybindTest pyBind.cpp pythonFunctionBind.cpp)
target_include_directories(pybindTest PRIVATE ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR})

步骤4：执行编译 #

mkdir build && cd build
cmake .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
make

生成的.pyd文件即可在Windows10 64位环境使用。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Michael Gunnarson