Hardhat部署Solidity合约报错：deployed不是函数，Goerli地址返回undefined

问题背景 #

刚学习Solidity，跟着YouTube教程开发首个应用，使用Hardhat部署合约时遇到两个问题：

1. 执行部署脚本报错：

TypeError: transactions.deployed is not a function
at main (D:\one-more-try(8.16)\smart-contract\scripts\deploy.js:5:22)
at processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:95:5)
at runMain (D:\one-more-try(8.16)\smart-contract\scripts\deploy.js:12:5)

2. 部署到Goerli测试网后，合约地址输出为undefined：

#npx hardhat run --network goerli scripts/deploy.js
Transactions address: undefined

用户提供代码 #

部署脚本 deploy.js

const main = async () => {
  const Transactions = await hre.ethers.getContractFactory("Transactions");
  const transactions = await Transactions.deploy();

  await transactions.deployed();

  console.log("Transactions address: ", transactions.address);
};

const runMain = async () => {
  try {
    await main();
    process.exit(0);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
    process.exit(1);
  }
};

runMain();

Solidity合约代码

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
contract Transactions {
    uint256 transactionCounter;
    event Transfer(address from, address receiver, uint amount, string message, uint256 timestamp, string keyword);

    struct TransferStruct{
        address sender;
        address receiver;
        uint amount; 
        string message;
        uint256 timestamp;
        string keyword;
    }

    TransferStruct[] transactions;

    function addToBlockchain(address payable receiver, uint amount, string memory message, string memory keyword) public{
        transactionCounter += 1;
        transactions.push(TransferStruct(msg.sender, receiver, amount, message, block.timestamp, keyword));

        emit Transfer(msg.sender, receiver, amount, message, block.timestamp, keyword);
    }

    function getAllTransactions() public view returns (TransferStruct[] memory){
        return transactions;
    }

    function getTransactionCounter() public view returns(uint256){
        return transactionCounter;
    }
 }

问题原因与解决方案 #

1. transactions.deployed is not a function 报错 #

原因：ethers.js版本差异导致。教程大概率基于ethers v5，但你当前项目使用的是ethers v6——v6中deploy()方法直接返回已部署的合约实例，deployed()方法已被移除。

解决方法：删除部署脚本中的await transactions.deployed();语句，同时调整地址获取方式：

const main = async () => {
  const Transactions = await hre.ethers.getContractFactory("Transactions");
  const transactions = await Transactions.deploy();

  // 移除这一行：await transactions.deployed();

  console.log("Transactions address: ", transactions.target); // ethers v6用target替代address
};

const runMain = async () => {
  try {
    await main();
    process.exit(0);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
    process.exit(1);
  }
};

runMain();

2. 合约地址显示undefined #

原因：同样是ethers版本差异。ethers v6中合约实例的地址属性从address更改为target，继续使用transactions.address会返回undefined。

解决方法：将脚本中的transactions.address替换为transactions.target，如上修改后的代码所示。

额外验证步骤 #

• 检查package.json中的依赖版本：确认@nomicfoundation/hardhat-toolbox或ethers为v6.x，若为v5.x则需检查网络配置是否正确。
• Goerli测试网配置验证：确保hardhat.config.js中包含有效的RPC URL和测试钱包私钥：

module.exports = {
  solidity: "0.8.0",
  networks: {
    goerli: {
      url: "你的Goerli RPC URL",
      accounts: ["你的测试钱包私钥"]
    }
  }
};

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Anastasia