PowerShell中pip安装numpy遇AttributeError报错，求解决方案

在PowerShell中执行pip install numpy时遭遇subprocess-exited-with-error错误，提示获取构建wheel的依赖失败，且安装其他Python包时也会出现同类错误。已确认wheel、setuptools及Python均为最新版本，此前安装wheel解决过其他错误，但当前问题无法通过常规方案解决。

pip :   error: subprocess-exited-with-error
At line:1 char:1
+ pip install numpy
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : NotSpecified: (  error: subprocess-exited-with-error:String) [], RemoteException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : NativeCommandError
 
  
  Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
  exit code: 1
  
  [33 lines of output]
  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "C:\Users\akars\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 353, in <module>
      main()
    File "C:\Users\akars\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 335, in main
      json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
                               ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    File "C:\Users\akars\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 112, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
      backend = _build_backend()
                ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    File "C:\Users\akars\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 77, in _build_backend
      obj = import_module(mod_path)
            ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    File "C:\Users\akars\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Lib\importlib\__init__.py", line 90, in import_module
      return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1293, in _gcd_import
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1266, in _find_and_load
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1216, in _find_and_load_unlocked
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 400, in _call_with_frames_removed
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1293, in _gcd_import
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1266, in _find_and_load
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1237, in _find_and_load_unlocked
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 841, in _load_unlocked
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 994, in exec_module
    File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 400, in _call_with_frames_removed
    File "C:\Users\akars\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-qlb37fm5\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\__init__.py", line 16, in <module>
      import setuptools.version
    File "C:\Users\akars\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-qlb37fm5\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\version.py", line 1, in <module>
      import pkg_resources
    File "C:\Users\akars\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-qlb37fm5\overlay\Lib\site-packages\pkg_resources\__init__.py", line 2172, in <module>
      register_finder(pkgutil.ImpImporter, find_on_path)
                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  AttributeError: module 'pkgutil' has no attribute 'ImpImporter'. Did you mean: 'zipimporter'?
  [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error
Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
exit code: 1
See above for output.
note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

方案1：降级setuptools到兼容版本 #

Python 3.12移除了pkgutil.ImpImporter，部分新版本setuptools存在兼容问题，执行以下命令降级：

pip install setuptools==68.2.2

该版本是已知兼容Python 3.12的稳定版本，降级后再尝试安装numpy：

pip install numpy

方案2：直接安装预构建二进制包 #

跳过本地编译步骤，直接使用官方预构建的wheel包：

pip install numpy --only-binary :all:

方案3：重置pip环境 #

如果上述方案无效，可彻底重置pip：

1. 卸载当前pip：

python -m pip uninstall pip -y

2. 重新安装pip：

python -m ensurepip --upgrade

3. 再次尝试安装numpy：

pip install numpy

方案4：验证Python与pip版本一致性 #

确保PowerShell中调用的Python和pip属于同一版本，执行以下命令检查：

python --version
pip --version

若版本不一致，需调整系统环境变量，将目标Python的Scripts目录移至PATH最前端。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Akarshan Nirwan