Docker中运行Selenium Python UI测试时Chrome崩溃问题求助

运行基于Selenium、Python和ChromeDriver的UI测试用例时，出现错误提示：

The process started from chrome location /opt/google/chrome/google-chrome is no longer running, so ChromeDriver is assuming that Chrome has crashed

测试用例在本地运行正常，但Docker环境下执行失败。相关技术栈信息：

• Selenium: 4.11.2
• Python: 3.10（Dockerfile中使用了3.9）
• ChromeDriver: 116.0.5845.96
• Chrome Binary: 116.0.5845.96

已尝试的调试方法：

• 让Selenium Manager自动安装驱动和二进制文件，问题依旧存在
• 手动指定ChromeDriver路径，未解决崩溃问题
• 调整ChromeOptions参数、降低Selenium和驱动版本，无效

Dockerfile内容 #

RUN pip install logging-formatter-anticrlf

FROM --platform=linux/amd64 python:3.9
# Chrome dependency
WORKDIR /usr/bin

RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
    fonts-liberation \
    libasound2 \
    libatk-bridge2.0-0 \
    libatk1.0-0 \
    libatspi2.0-0 \
    libcups2 \
    libdbus-1-3 \
    libdrm2 \
    libgbm1 \
    libgtk-3-0 \
    libgtk-4-1 \
    libnspr4 \
    libnss3 \
    libwayland-client0 \
    libxcomposite1 \
    libxdamage1 \
    libxfixes3 \
    libxkbcommon0 \
    libxrandr2 \
    xdg-utils \
    libu2f-udev \
    libvulkan1 \
    software-properties-common \
    unzip \
    curl \
    xvfb
 # Chrome instalation
RUN wget -q https://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/pool/main/g/google-chrome-stable/google-chrome-stable_116.0.5845.96-1_amd64.deb
RUN apt --fix-broken install

RUN apt-get install ./google-chrome-stable_116.0.5845.96-1_amd64.deb -y

RUN echo "Chrome: " && google-chrome --version


WORKDIR /module

COPY . .
COPY setup.py setup.py
COPY entrypoint.sh entrypoint.sh
COPY README.md README.md


RUN pip install webdriver-manager==4.0.0
RUN pip install selenium==4.11.2
RUN pip install chromedriver-autoinstaller
RUN pip install selenium --user
RUN pip install py3chrome
RUN wget https://edgedl.me.gvt1.com/edgedl/chrome/chrome-for-testing/116.0.5845.96/linux64/chromedriver-linux64.zip
RUN unzip chromedriver-linux64.zip

RUN mv chromedriver-linux64/chromedriver /usr/bin/chromedriver
RUN chmod 777 /usr/bin/chromedriver
RUN chmod 777 /opt/google/chrome/google-chrome


RUN pytest -k test_case

测试用例代码 #

def test_case():
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService, Service

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
 #s = Service(executable_path=driver_path)
 chrome_options.add_argument('--headless')
 chrome_options.add_argument('--privileged')

 chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
 chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-setuid-sandbox")
 chrome_options.add_argument('--ignore-certificate-errors')
 chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage')# overcome limited resource problems
 chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-extensions')
 chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')
 chrome_options.add_argument("--remote-allow-origins=*")
 chrome_options.add_argument("--remote-debugging-port=9222")  # this

 chrome_options.add_experimental_option(
     "prefs", {"profile.default_content_setting_values.notifications": 1}
 )
 driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)

 driver.get(“www.google.com”)

1. 修复Dockerfile无效指令与版本不一致问题 #

• 开头的RUN pip install logging-formatter-anticrlf写在FROM之前，属于无效指令，需移到FROM之后的层级中
• 统一Python版本：将Dockerfile中的python:3.9改为python:3.10，与本地环境保持一致，避免版本差异引发的兼容性问题

2. 精简Chrome安装与驱动管理逻辑 #

• 安装Chrome后清理安装包：添加RUN rm google-chrome-stable_116.0.5845.96-1_amd64.deb，减少镜像冗余
• 移除重复的驱动管理工具：webdriver-manager、chromedriver-autoinstaller和手动下载ChromeDriver重复，保留Selenium 4.x自带的Selenium Manager即可，无需手动下载驱动

3. 优化ChromeOptions参数 #

• Chrome 112+版本推荐使用--headless=new替代旧的--headless，旧无头模式在Docker环境下兼容性较差
• 移除不必要的参数：--privileged是容器级权限，测试场景不需要；--remote-debugging-port=9222会占用端口导致Chrome启动异常
• 补全URL协议头：将driver.get(“www.google.com”)改为driver.get("https://www.google.com")，缺少协议头会导致Chrome无法加载页面进而崩溃

4. 调整Dockerfile执行顺序（利用缓存） #

将系统依赖安装、Chrome安装、Python依赖安装等步骤放在代码复制之前，避免每次修改代码都重新安装依赖，提升构建效率

修复后的Dockerfile示例 #

FROM --platform=linux/amd64 python:3.10

# 安装系统依赖
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
    fonts-liberation \
    libasound2 \
    libatk-bridge2.0-0 \
    libatk1.0-0 \
    libatspi2.0-0 \
    libcups2 \
    libdbus-1-3 \
    libdrm2 \
    libgbm1 \
    libgtk-3-0 \
    libnspr4 \
    libnss3 \
    libwayland-client0 \
    libxcomposite1 \
    libxdamage1 \
    libxfixes3 \
    libxkbcommon0 \
    libxrandr2 \
    xdg-utils \
    libu2f-udev \
    libvulkan1 \
    unzip \
    curl \
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

# 安装Chrome
RUN wget -q https://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/deb/pool/main/g/google-chrome-stable/google-chrome-stable_116.0.5845.96-1_amd64.deb \
    && apt-get install ./google-chrome-stable_116.0.5845.96-1_amd64.deb -y \
    && rm google-chrome-stable_116.0.5845.96-1_amd64.deb \
    && google-chrome --version

# 设置工作目录
WORKDIR /module

# 安装Python依赖
COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir selenium==4.11.2 logging-formatter-anticrlf

# 复制代码文件
COPY . .

# 运行测试
CMD ["pytest", "-k", "test_case"]

修复后的测试用例代码 #

def test_case():
    from selenium import webdriver

    chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    chrome_options.add_argument('--headless=new')
    chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox')
    chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-setuid-sandbox')
    chrome_options.add_argument('--ignore-certificate-errors')
    chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-dev-shm-usage')
    chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-extensions')
    chrome_options.add_argument('--disable-gpu')
    chrome_options.add_argument("--remote-allow-origins=*")

    chrome_options.add_experimental_option(
        "prefs", {"profile.default_content_setting_values.notifications": 1}
    )
    
    # Selenium 4.x自动通过Selenium Manager匹配ChromeDriver
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
    
    try:
        driver.get("https://www.google.com")
        # 可添加断言验证页面加载成功
        assert "Google" in driver.title
    finally:
        driver.quit()

额外调试提示 #

• 若仍出现崩溃问题，可尝试添加--disable-web-security和--disable-features=VizDisplayCompositor参数
• Docker容器资源有限，运行时可增加内存分配：docker run --memory=2g ...

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Hima