Spring Boot contextLoads()测试方法加载失败问题求助

报错信息 #

java.lang.IllegalStateException: 无法加载ApplicationContext，对应配置：[WebMergedContextConfiguration@37496720 testClass = com.cookbookbackend.CookbookBackendApplicationTests, locations = [], classes = [com.cookbookbackend.CookbookBackendApplication], contextInitializerClasses = [], activeProfiles = [], propertySourceLocations = [], propertySourceProperties = ["org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTestContextBootstrapper=true"], contextCustomizers = [org.springframework.boot.test.context.filter.ExcludeFilterContextCustomizer@48aca48b, org.springframework.boot.test.json.DuplicateJsonObjectContextCustomizerFactory$DuplicateJsonObjectContextCustomizer@72e5a8e, org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockitoContextCustomizer@0, org.springframework.boot.test.web.client.TestRestTemplateContextCustomizer@6fdbe764, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.actuate.observability.ObservabilityContextCustomizerFactory$DisableObservabilityContextCustomizer@1f, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.properties.PropertyMappingContextCustomizer@0, org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.WebDriverContextCustomizerFactory$Customizer@298a5e20, org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTestAnnotation@2b8500b9], resourceBasePath = "src/main/webapp", contextLoader = org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootContextLoader, parent = null]

创建名为'dataSourceScriptDatabaseInitializer'的Bean失败，该Bean定义于类路径资源[org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/sql/init/DataSourceInitializationConfiguration.class]

相关配置与代码 #

application.properties #

spring.datasource.url=${DB_URL}
spring.datasource.username=${DB_USERNAME}
spring.datasource.password=${DB_PASSWORD}
spring.jpa.database-platform = org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQLDialect
spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto = none
spring.jpa.hibernate.show-sql=true

pom.xml #

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
    xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>3.1.2</version>
        <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
    </parent>
    <groupId>com.</groupId>
    <artifactId>cookbook-backend</artifactId>
    <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>cookbook-backend</name>
    <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
    <properties>
        <java.version>17</java.version>
    </properties>
    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
            <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.junit.vintage</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-vintage-engine</artifactId>
            <scope>test</scope>
            <exclusions>
                <exclusion>
                    <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
                    <artifactId>hamcrest-core</artifactId>
                </exclusion>
            </exclusions>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>

</project>

ApplicationTests.java #

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;

@SpringBootTest
class CookbookBackendApplicationTests {

    @Test
    void contextLoads() {
    }

}

问题原因 #

应用运行正常是因为生产/开发环境已配置DB_URL、DB_USERNAME、DB_PASSWORD这三个环境变量，但测试环境未加载到这些变量，导致Spring无法初始化数据源，进而触发dataSourceScriptDatabaseInitializer Bean创建失败，最终ApplicationContext加载失败。

解决方法 #

方法1：为测试环境配置数据库信息 #

在src/test/resources目录下创建application-test.properties，填入测试用的数据库连接信息（可用真实测试库或嵌入式数据库如H2）：

# 示例：使用H2嵌入式数据库
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:h2:mem:testdb
spring.datasource.driverClassName=org.h2.Driver
spring.datasource.username=sa
spring.datasource.password=
spring.jpa.database-platform=org.hibernate.dialect.H2Dialect
spring.sql.init.mode=always

同时在测试类上添加@ActiveProfiles("test")：

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.test.context.ActiveProfiles;

@SpringBootTest
@ActiveProfiles("test")
class CookbookBackendApplicationTests {

    @Test
    void contextLoads() {
    }

}

如果用H2，需要在pom.xml中添加H2依赖：

<dependency>
    <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
    <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
    <scope>test</scope>
</dependency>

方法2：禁用数据库初始化 #

在src/test/resources/application.properties中添加配置，阻止Spring Boot执行数据库初始化脚本：

spring.sql.init.mode=never

方法3：模拟数据源相关Bean #

使用@MockBean模拟DataSourceScriptDatabaseInitializer，避免Spring依赖真实数据库：

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.boot.test.mock.mockito.MockBean;
import org.springframework.boot.sql.init.datasource.DataSourceScriptDatabaseInitializer;

@SpringBootTest
class CookbookBackendApplicationTests {

    @MockBean
    private DataSourceScriptDatabaseInitializer dataSourceScriptDatabaseInitializer;

    @Test
    void contextLoads() {
    }

}

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Strugglingperson