Linux环境下Python Selenium中ChromeDriver无法启动，疑路径错误

问题背景 #

近期软件更新后，Linux系统PyCharm中的新旧Selenium程序均无法运行。Chrome驱动启动失败，出现Chrome启动崩溃、DevToolsActivePort文件不存在报错；尝试以服务运行、改用Firefox后，旧的Firefox相关程序也无法正常运行。

新程序代码 #

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service

url = "https://www.python.org"
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.binary_location = "/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/chrome-linux64/chrome"
chrome_driver_binary = "/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/chromedriver_linux64/chromedriver"
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=Service(chrome_driver_binary), options=options)
driver.get(url)

报错信息 #

"/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/venv/bin/python" /home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/main.py 
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/main.py", line 12, in <module>
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=Service(chrome_driver_binary), options=options)
  File "/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/chrome/webdriver.py", line 45, in __init__
    super().__init__(
  File "/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/chromium/webdriver.py", line 56, in __init__
    super().__init__(
  File "/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py", line 205, in __init__
    self.start_session(capabilities)
  File "/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py", line 289, in start_session
    response = self.execute(Command.NEW_SESSION, caps)["value"]
  File "/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/webdriver.py", line 344, in execute
    self.error_handler.check_response(response)
  File "/home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages/selenium/webdriver/remote/errorhandler.py", line 229, in check_response
    raise exception_class(message, screen, stacktrace)
selenium.common.exceptions.WebDriverException: Message: unknown error: Chrome failed to start: crashed.
  (unknown error: DevToolsActivePort file doesn't exist)
  (The process started from chrome location /home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/chrome-linux64/chrome is no longer running, so ChromeDriver is assuming that Chrome has crashed.)
Stacktrace:
#0 0x55db688604e3 <unknown>
#1 0x55db6858fc76 <unknown>
#2 0x55db685b8d78 <unknown>
#3 0x55db685b5029 <unknown>
#4 0x55db685f3ccc <unknown>
#5 0x55db685f347f <unknown>
#6 0x55db685eade3 <unknown>
#7 0x55db685c02dd <unknown>
#8 0x55db685c134e <unknown>
#9 0x55db688203e4 <unknown>
#10 0x55db688243d7 <unknown>
#11 0x55db6882eb20 <unknown>
#12 0x55db68825023 <unknown>
#13 0x55db687f31aa <unknown>
#14 0x55db688496b8 <unknown>
#15 0x55db68849847 <unknown>
#16 0x55db68859243 <unknown>
#17 0x7f9e5c28f25a <unknown>
#18 0x7f9e5c317fc4 clone


Process finished with exit code 1

旧Firefox程序片段 #

from selenium import webdriver
import requests
from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options as FirefoxOptions
import traceback

url = "https://www.python.org"
options = webdriver.FirefoxOptions()
driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=options)
driver.get(url)

排查与解决步骤 #

针对Chrome的问题 #

1. 版本兼容检查
   确认Chrome浏览器和ChromeDriver版本完全匹配，通过chrome --version和chromedriver --version查看版本号。软件更新后易出现版本不匹配，需下载对应版本的ChromeDriver替换现有文件。
2. 添加启动参数
   给ChromeOptions补充以下参数，解决DevToolsActivePort及权限问题：

   options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
   options.add_argument("--headless=new")
   options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")
   options.add_argument("--remote-debugging-port=9222")
   

   其中--no-sandbox和--disable-dev-shm-usage适配Linux环境权限与内存限制，--remote-debugging-port指定固定端口避免冲突。
3. 验证可执行权限
   检查Chrome二进制文件权限，执行chmod +x /home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/chrome-linux64/chrome赋予可执行权限。
4. 简化路径配置
   将Chrome和ChromeDriver移动到系统目录（如/usr/local/bin/），无需手动指定路径，让Selenium自动识别。

针对Firefox的问题 #

1. GeckoDriver版本匹配
   确认GeckoDriver版本与Firefox版本兼容，下载对应版本替换现有驱动。
2. 添加启动参数
   在FirefoxOptions中补充参数：

   options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")
   options.add_argument("--headless")
   

3. 指定Firefox路径
   若Firefox未安装在默认路径，通过options.binary_location = "/usr/bin/firefox"指定正确的可执行文件路径。

通用排查步骤 #

1. 更新Selenium库
   虚拟环境中执行pip install --upgrade selenium，更新到最新稳定版适配软件更新后的环境。
2. 检查PyCharm虚拟环境
   在File > Settings > Project: xxx > Python Interpreter中确认使用的虚拟环境正确，避免环境混淆。
3. 终端直接测试
   跳出PyCharm，在终端进入虚拟环境后直接运行脚本，排除IDE配置问题：

   source /home/username/Documents/.../my-bot/venv/bin/activate
   python main.py
   

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Elis Hazelton