无法安装numpy：CMake相关报错的问题排查与解决方案咨询

问题背景 #

Python新手安装Numpy时触发编译报错，具体错误日志如下：

Collecting ninja>=1.8.2
        Using cached ninja-1.11.1.tar.gz (27 kB)
        Installing build dependencies: started
        Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
        Getting requirements to build wheel: started
        Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
        Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
        Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
      Building wheels for collected packages: ninja
        Building wheel for ninja (pyproject.toml): started
        Building wheel for ninja (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'
        error: subprocess-exited-with-error

        Building wheel for ninja (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
        exit code: 1

        [9 lines of output]
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          File "C:\Users\Lenovo\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-9e2mdrtx\overlay\lib\python3.10\site-packages\skbuild\setuptools_wrap.py", line 645, in setup
            cmkr = cmaker.CMaker(cmake_executable)
          File "C:\Users\Lenovo\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-9e2mdrtx\overlay\lib\python3.10\site-packages\skbuild\cmaker.py", line 148, in __init__
            self.cmake_version = get_cmake_version(self.cmake_executable)
          File "C:\Users\Lenovo\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-9e2mdrtx\overlay\lib\python3.10\site-packages\skbuild\cmaker.py", line 105, in get_cmake_version
            raise SKBuildError(msg) from err

        Problem with the CMake installation, aborting build. CMake executable is cmake
        [end of output]

        note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
        ERROR: Failed building wheel for ninja
      Failed to build ninja
      ERROR: Could not build wheels for ninja, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects
      [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× pip subprocess to install backend dependencies did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

问题根源 #

错误日志中的核心提示**Problem with the CMake installation, aborting build. CMake executable is cmake**，说明：

• 系统未安装CMake，或是CMake未添加到系统环境变量，导致pip编译依赖包（此处为ninja）时无法找到CMake执行程序。
• Ninja是Numpy安装依赖的编译工具，而编译Ninja必须用到CMake，因此CMake缺失或不可用直接导致安装流程中断。

解决步骤 #

方案1：安装预编译Numpy包（新手优先） #

跳过编译环节，直接使用官方预编译的二进制包，无需依赖CMake或Ninja：
打开命令提示符/ PowerShell，执行：

pip install numpy --only-binary :all:

方案2：安装并配置CMake（适合需编译其他包的场景） #

1. 下载对应Windows版本的CMake安装程序（选择带图形安装向导的版本）。
2. 运行安装程序时，勾选Add CMake to the system PATH for all users（或当前用户），完成安装。
3. 关闭并重新打开命令提示符，执行cmake --version，若显示版本号则配置成功。
4. 重新执行pip install numpy即可。

方案3：升级pip工具链 #

旧版本pip可能存在依赖处理逻辑问题，先升级工具再尝试安装：

pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
pip install numpy

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Hải Đan