如何通过GitHub Actions的docker/build-push-action正确构建ARM64镜像？

错误原因 #

在x86_64架构的GitHub Runner（ubuntu-latest）上构建ARM64镜像时，容器内的ARM架构二进制文件无法直接在x86主机环境中执行，导致exec format error，必须启用QEMU跨架构模拟才能正常运行ARM指令。

解决方案 #

方案一：修复原有分步构建流程 #

在Workflow中添加QEMU和Buildx初始化步骤，为跨架构构建提供环境支持，修改后的完整配置如下：

name: Build and Push

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main

jobs:
  build-and-push:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - name: Checkout code
      uses: actions/checkout@v2

    - name: Set up QEMU
      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2

    - name: Set up Docker Buildx
      uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
      with:
        install: true

    - name: Set date
      id: date
      run: echo "::set-output name=date::$(date +'%m-%d-%Y')"

    - name: Authenticate
      uses: docker/login-action@v1
      with:
        registry: quay.io
        username: ${{ secrets.QUAY_USERNAME }}
        password: ${{ secrets.QUAY_PASSWORD }}

    - name: Build and Push x86 image
      uses: docker/build-push-action@v2
      with:
        file: ./images/Containerfile
        push: true
        tags: |
          quay.io/user/tools:${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}-x86_64
        platforms: linux/amd64

    - name: Build and Push ARM64 image
      uses: docker/build-push-action@v2
      with:
        file: ./images/Containerfile
        push: true
        platforms: linux/arm64
        tags: |
          quay.io/user/tools:${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}-aarch64

    - name: Create and Push Multi-Architecture Manifest
      run: |
        sudo podman manifest create tools-${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}-list
        sudo podman manifest add tools-${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}-list quay.io/user/tools:${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}-x86_64
        sudo podman manifest add tools-${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}-list quay.io/user/tools:${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}-aarch64
        sudo podman manifest push tools-${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}-list quay.io/user/tools:${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}
        sudo podman manifest push tools-${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}-list quay.io/user/tools:latest

方案二：用Buildx直接构建多架构镜像（更简洁） #

无需手动分步构建和合并清单，Buildx可直接构建并推送多架构镜像清单，简化流程：

name: Build and Push Multi-Arch

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main

jobs:
  build-and-push:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - name: Checkout code
      uses: actions/checkout@v2

    - name: Set up QEMU
      uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v2

    - name: Set up Docker Buildx
      uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v2
      with:
        install: true

    - name: Set date
      id: date
      run: echo "::set-output name=date::$(date +'%m-%d-%Y')"

    - name: Authenticate
      uses: docker/login-action@v1
      with:
        registry: quay.io
        username: ${{ secrets.QUAY_USERNAME }}
        password: ${{ secrets.QUAY_PASSWORD }}

    - name: Build and Push Multi-Arch Image
      uses: docker/build-push-action@v2
      with:
        file: ./images/Containerfile
        push: true
        platforms: linux/amd64, linux/arm64
        tags: |
          quay.io/user/tools:${{ steps.date.outputs.date }}
          quay.io/user/tools:latest

关键说明 #

• docker/setup-qemu-action：安装QEMU模拟器，实现跨架构指令的模拟执行。
• docker/setup-buildx-action：启用Docker Buildx工具，支持多架构镜像构建。
• 在build-push-action中指定platforms参数，明确要构建的目标架构。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者user21113865