无法安装Python库，提示subprocess-exited-with-error错误求助

问题 #

无法安装任何Python库，执行pip install时总是提示subprocess-exited-with-error错误，以安装numpy为例的完整报错如下：

PS D:\Learning\py\python basics\> pip install numpy  
Collecting numpy
Downloading numpy-1.26.0.tar.gz (15.6 MB)
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━ 15.6/15.6 MB 2.4 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Installing build dependencies ... done
Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
Installing backend dependencies ... error
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× pip subprocess to install backend dependencies did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> [37 lines of output]
Collecting ninja>=1.8.2
Downloading ninja-1.11.1.1.tar.gz (132 kB)
-------------------------------------- 132.4/132.4 kB 1.1 MB/s eta 0:00:00
Installing build dependencies: started
Installing build dependencies: finished with status 'done'
Getting requirements to build wheel: started
Getting requirements to build wheel: finished with status 'done'
Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): started
Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'done'
Building wheels for collected packages: ninja
Building wheel for ninja (pyproject.toml): started
Building wheel for ninja (pyproject.toml): finished with status 'error'
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

        Building wheel for ninja (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
        exit code: 1
    
        [13 lines of output]
        C:\Users\Abaan\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-nxqms1f9\overlay\lib\python3.10\site-packages\setuptools_scm\git.py:308: UserWarning: git archive did not support describe output
          warnings.warn("git archive did not support describe output")
        C:\Users\Abaan\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-nxqms1f9\overlay\lib\python3.10\site-packages\setuptools_scm\git.py:327: UserWarning: unprocessed git archival found (no export subst applied)
          warnings.warn("unprocessed git archival found (no export subst applied)")
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          File "C:\Users\Abaan\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-nxqms1f9\overlay\lib\python3.10\site-packages\skbuild\setuptools_wrap.py", line 645, in setup
            cmkr = cmaker.CMaker(cmake_executable)
          File "C:\Users\Abaan\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-nxqms1f9\overlay\lib\python3.10\site-packages\skbuild\cmaker.py", line 148, in __init__
            self.cmake_version = get_cmake_version(self.cmake_executable)
          File "C:\Users\Abaan\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-nxqms1f9\overlay\lib\python3.10\site-packages\skbuild\cmaker.py", line 105, in get_cmake_version      
            raise SKBuildError(msg) from err
    
        Problem with the CMake installation, aborting build. CMake executable is cmake
        [end of output]
    
        note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
        ERROR: Failed building wheel for ninja
      Failed to build ninja
      ERROR: Could not build wheels for ninja, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects
      [end of output]

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× pip subprocess to install backend dependencies did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

已尝试的操作：

• 升级pip、setuptools，问题依旧
• 检查系统环境变量，确认无异常
• 以管理员身份运行安装命令，无效
• 检查系统PATH变量，未找到有效解决点
• 确认网络连接稳定，安装过程无中断
• 在新虚拟环境中尝试安装，报错相同

已知环境：Pip版本23.2.1，Python版本3.10.12。错误指向CMake安装问题，但已确认CMake可执行文件配置正确，近期无系统更新或变更。

解决建议 #

1. 验证CMake的实际可用性 #

手动验证CMake是否能正常调用：

• 打开命令提示符，执行cmake --version，确认能正常返回版本信息，无报错
• 如果命令执行失败，重新安装CMake并勾选"Add CMake to system PATH"选项，安装后重启终端再试

2. 跳过源码编译，直接安装预编译轮子 #

强制pip使用预编译包，避免编译依赖：

pip install numpy --only-binary :all:

若仍失败，指定兼容Python3.10的稳定版本：

pip install numpy==1.25.2 --only-binary :all:

3. 手动安装ninja依赖 #

针对ninja编译失败问题，直接安装预编译版本：

• 下载对应系统的ninja预编译二进制文件（Windows选.exe版本）
• 将ninja.exe所在路径添加到系统PATH
• 重启终端后再执行pip install numpy

4. 降级pip版本 #

新版本pip可能存在兼容性问题，尝试降级到稳定版本：

pip install pip==22.3.1

之后再尝试安装库

5. 修复Python安装 #

重新修复Python安装，确保组件完整：

• 打开Python安装程序，选择"Modify"
• 勾选"Add Python to PATH"，点击"Repair"完成后重启终端

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Abaan Tamboli