STM32 Nucleo开发板SPI全双工收发功能异常求助

开发者阿泽

2026-7-6

STM32 Nucleo-F042K6 SPI全双工通信调试问题

环境与配置

使用CubeMX + CubeIDE开发两块Nucleo-F042K6开发板，初次接触STM32开发
配置一块为全双工Master，另一块为全双工Slave，仅Master代码中包含片选(CS)线拉低/拉高操作（为让逻辑分析仪能通过电平跳变解析SPI信号，未固定拉低CS）
通过宏定义切换三种通信模式：

问题现象

Master设为__TX_ONLY__、Slave设为__RX_ONLY__：Slave接收的前4个字符为'\0'，其余消息完整
Master设为__RX_ONLY__、Slave设为__TX_ONLY__：Master输出正常的零字符，但接收的Slave消息为乱码
Master与Slave均设为__TX_RX__：逻辑分析仪显示Master发送的消息完整，但MISO线数据乱码，Slave接收的消息也为乱码

已尝试的调试操作

调整SPI时钟频率
拆分收发函数（分开调用Transmit和Receive而非用TransmitReceive）
更换开发板
修改Clock Polarity（CPOL）和Clock Phase（CPHA）参数

目标

先解决基础SPI通信问题，最终实现带DMA的SPI通信

Master代码

/* USER CODE BEGIN Header */
/**
  ******************************************************************************
  * @file           : main.c
  * @brief          : Main program body
  ******************************************************************************
  * @attention
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2023 STMicroelectronics.
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * This software is licensed under terms that can be found in the LICENSE file
  * in the root directory of this software component.
  * If no LICENSE file comes with this software, it is provided AS-IS.
  *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
/* USER CODE END Header */
/* Includes ------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#include "main.h"

/* Private includes ----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN Includes */

/* USER CODE END Includes */

/* Private typedef -----------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PTD */

/* USER CODE END PTD */

/* Private define ------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PD */

/* USER CODE END PD */

/* Private macro -------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN PM */

/* USER CODE END PM */

/* Private variables ---------------------------------------------------------*/
SPI_HandleTypeDef hspi1;

UART_HandleTypeDef huart2;

/* USER CODE BEGIN PV */
#define SPI_BUFSZ 50
char Spi_Tx_Buffer[SPI_BUFSZ];
char Spi_Rx_Buffer[SPI_BUFSZ];

int kntr1;
int kntr2;

/* USER CODE END PV */

/* Private function prototypes -----------------------------------------------*/
void SystemClock_Config(void);
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void);
static void MX_USART2_UART_Init(void);
static void MX_SPI1_Init(void);
/* USER CODE BEGIN PFP */

/* USER CODE END PFP */

/* Private user code ---------------------------------------------------------*/
/* USER CODE BEGIN 0 */

/* USER CODE END 0 */

/**
  * @brief  The application entry point.
  * @retval int
  */
int main(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */

  /* USER CODE END 1 */

  /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/

  /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */
  HAL_Init();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */

  /* USER CODE END Init */

  /* Configure the system clock */
  SystemClock_Config();

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */

  /* USER CODE END SysInit */

  /* Initialize all configured peripherals */
  MX_GPIO_Init();
  MX_USART2_UART_Init();
  MX_SPI1_Init();
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */

  /* USER CODE END 2 */

  /* Infinite loop */
  /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */
//#define __TX_RX__
#define __TX_RX__

  while (1)
  {
#ifdef __TX_RX__

            HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(LED1_GPIO_Port,  LED1_Pin);
            memset(Spi_Tx_Buffer, 0, SPI_BUFSZ);
            memset(Spi_Rx_Buffer, 0, SPI_BUFSZ);
            sprintf(Spi_Tx_Buffer, "<M->S TxRx:%d>\r\n", kntr2++);

            HAL_GPIO_WritePin(SPI1_CS_GPIO_Port, SPI1_CS_Pin, RESET);

            HAL_SPI_TransmitReceive(&hspi1, Spi_Tx_Buffer,
               Spi_Rx_Buffer, 20, HAL_MAX_DELAY);

           HAL_GPIO_WritePin(SPI1_CS_GPIO_Port, SPI1_CS_Pin, SET);

#endif

#ifdef __TX_ONLY__

            HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(LED1_GPIO_Port,  LED1_Pin);
            memset(Spi_Tx_Buffer, 0, SPI_BUFSZ);
            memset(Spi_Rx_Buffer, 0, SPI_BUFSZ);
            sprintf(Spi_Tx_Buffer, "<M->S Tx:%d>\r\n", kntr2++);

            HAL_GPIO_WritePin(SPI1_CS_GPIO_Port, SPI1_CS_Pin, RESET);

            HAL_SPI_Transmit(&hspi1, Spi_Tx_Buffer, 20, HAL_MAX_DELAY);

            HAL_GPIO_WritePin(SPI1_CS_GPIO_Port, SPI1_CS_Pin, SET);

#endif


#ifdef __RX_ONLY__
            HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(LED1_GPIO_Port,  LED1_Pin);
            memset(Spi_Tx_Buffer, 0, SPI_BUFSZ);
            memset(Spi_Rx_Buffer, 0, SPI_BUFSZ);

            HAL_GPIO_WritePin(SPI1_CS_GPIO_Port, SPI1_CS_Pin, RESET);

            HAL_SPI_Receive(&hspi1, Spi_Rx_Buffer, 20, HAL_MAX_DELAY);

           HAL_GPIO_WritePin(SPI1_CS_GPIO_Port, SPI1_CS_Pin, SET);
#endif
           HAL_Delay(800);

    /* USER CODE END WHILE */

    /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */
  }
  /* USER CODE END 3 */
}

/**
  * @brief System Clock Configuration
  * @retval None
  */
void SystemClock_Config(void)
{
  RCC_OscInitTypeDef RCC_OscInitStruct = {0};
  RCC_ClkInitTypeDef RCC_ClkInitStruct = {0};

  /** Initializes the RCC Oscillators according to the specified parameters
  * in the RCC_OscInitTypeDef structure.
  */
  RCC_OscInitStruct.OscillatorType = RCC_OSCILLATORTYPE_HSI48;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.HSI48State = RCC_HSI48_ON;
  RCC_OscInitStruct.PLL.PLLState = RCC_PLL_NONE;
  if (HAL_RCC_OscConfig(&RCC_OscInitStruct) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }

  /** Initializes the CPU, AHB and APB buses clocks
  */
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.ClockType = RCC_CLOCKTYPE_HCLK|RCC_CLOCKTYPE_SYSCLK
                              |RCC_CLOCKTYPE_PCLK1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.SYSCLKSource = RCC_SYSCLKSOURCE_HSI48;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.AHBCLKDivider = RCC_SYSCLK_DIV1;
  RCC_ClkInitStruct.APB1CLKDivider = RCC_HCLK_DIV1;

  if (HAL_RCC_ClockConfig(&RCC_ClkInitStruct, FLASH_LATENCY_1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
}

/**
  * @brief SPI1 Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_SPI1_Init(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SPI1_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE END SPI1_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE BEGIN SPI1_Init 1 */

  /* USER CODE END SPI1_Init 1 */
  /* SPI1 parameter configuration*/
  hspi1.Instance = SPI1;
  hspi1.Init.Mode = SPI_MODE_MASTER;
  hspi1.Init.Direction = SPI_DIRECTION_2LINES;
  hspi1.Init.DataSize = SPI_DATASIZE_8BIT;
  hspi1.Init.CLKPolarity = SPI_POLARITY_HIGH;
  hspi1.Init.CLKPhase = SPI_PHASE_2EDGE;
  hspi1.Init.NSS = SPI_NSS_SOFT;
  hspi1.Init.BaudRatePrescaler = SPI_BAUDRATEPRESCALER_64;
  hspi1.Init.FirstBit = SPI_FIRSTBIT_MSB;
  hspi1.Init.TIMode = SPI_TIMODE_DISABLE;
  hspi1.Init.CRCCalculation = SPI_CRCCALCULATION_DISABLE;
  hspi1.Init.CRCPolynomial = 7;
  hspi1.Init.CRCLength = SPI_CRC_LENGTH_DATASIZE;
  hspi1.Init.NSSPMode = SPI_NSS_PULSE_DISABLE;
  if (HAL_SPI_Init(&hspi1) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /* USER CODE BEGIN SPI1_Init 2 */

  /* USER CODE END SPI1_Init 2 */

}

/**
  * @brief USART2 Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_USART2_UART_Init(void)
{

  /* USER CODE BEGIN USART2_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE END USART2_Init 0 */

  /* USER CODE BEGIN USART2_Init 1 */

  /* USER CODE END USART2_Init 1 */
  huart2.Instance = USART2;
  huart2.Init.BaudRate = 38400;
  huart2.Init.WordLength = UART_WORDLENGTH_8B;
  huart2.Init.StopBits = UART_STOPBITS_1;
  huart2.Init.Parity = UART_PARITY_NONE;
  huart2.Init.Mode = UART_MODE_TX_RX;
  huart2.Init.HwFlowCtl = UART_HWCONTROL_NONE;
  huart2.Init.OverSampling = UART_OVERSAMPLING_16;
  huart2.Init.OneBitSampling = UART_ONE_BIT_SAMPLE_DISABLE;
  huart2.AdvancedInit.AdvFeatureInit = UART_ADVFEATURE_NO_INIT;
  if (HAL_UART_Init(&huart2) != HAL_OK)
  {
    Error_Handler();
  }
  /* USER CODE BEGIN USART2_Init 2 */

  /* USER CODE END USART2_Init 2 */

}

/**
  * @brief GPIO Initialization Function
  * @param None
  * @retval None
  */
static void MX_GPIO_Init(void)
{
  GPIO_InitTypeDef GPIO_InitStruct = {0};
/* USER CODE BEGIN MX_GPIO_Init_1 */
/* USER CODE END MX_GPIO_Init_1 */

  /* GPIO Ports Clock Enable */
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOF_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOA_CLK_ENABLE();
  __HAL_RCC_GPIOB_CLK_ENABLE();

  /*Configure GPIO pin Output Level */
  HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, SPI1_CS_Pin|t2_Pin, GPIO_PIN_RESET);

  /*Configure GPIO pin Output Level */
  HAL_GPIO_WritePin(LED1_GPIO_Port, LED1_Pin, GPIO_PIN_RESET);

  /*Configure GPIO pins : SPI1_CS_Pin t2_Pin */
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = SPI1_CS_Pin|t2_Pin;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_LOW;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(GPIOA, &GPIO_InitStruct);

  /*Configure GPIO pin : LED1_Pin */
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pin = LED1_Pin;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Mode = GPIO_MODE_OUTPUT_PP;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Pull = GPIO_NOPULL;
  GPIO_InitStruct.Speed = GPIO_SPEED_FREQ_LOW;
  HAL_GPIO_Init(LED1_GPIO_Port, &GPIO_InitStruct);

/* USER CODE BEGIN MX_GPIO_Init_2 */
/* USER CODE END MX_GPIO_Init_2 */
}

/* USER CODE BEGIN 4 */

/* USER CODE END 4 */

/**
  * @brief  This function is executed in case of error occurrence.
  * @retval None
  */
void Error_Handler(void)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN Error_Handler_Debug */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the HAL error return state */
  __disable_irq();
  while (1)
  {
  }
  /* USER CODE END Error_Handler_Debug */
}

#ifdef  USE_FULL_ASSERT
/**
  * @brief  Reports the name of the source file and the source line number
  *         where the assert_param error has occurred.
  * @param  file: pointer to the source file name
  * @param  line: assert_param error line source number
  * @retval None
  */
void assert_failed(uint8_t *file, uint32_t line)
{
  /* USER CODE BEGIN 6 */
  /* User can add his own implementation to report the file name and line number,
     ex: printf("Wrong parameters value: file %s on line %d\r\n", file, line) */
  /* USER CODE END 6 */
}
#endif /* USE_FULL_ASSERT */

调试建议

检查Slave端SPI配置一致性：确保Slave的CPOL、CPHA、数据位宽、MSB/LSB顺序与Master完全匹配，尤其是当前Master设置的SPI_POLARITY_HIGH和SPI_PHASE_2EDGE
验证Slave端CS引脚配置：Slave的NSS引脚需配置为SPI_NSS_HARD_INPUT，且正确连接到Master的CS引脚；若使用软件NSS，需确保Slave仅在CS拉低时激活SPI收发
调整CS时序：在Master拉低CS后添加1-2us延时再启动SPI传输，避免Slave未完全就绪；传输完成后同样延时再拉高CS
测试固定长度已知数据：用固定字节（如0xAA、0x55）替代格式化字符串，排除字符串拼接或缓冲区初始化问题
检查Slave端代码逻辑：确认Slave对应模式下的SPI函数调用参数（如传输长度）与Master完全匹配
验证MISO线路连接：用万用表或逻辑分析仪确认MISO引脚无虚焊、短路，电平输出正常
降低SPI时钟频率：尝试使用SPI_BAUDRATEPRESCALER_256等更低分频系数，排除高速信号完整性问题
启用SPI中断调试：在Slave端启用SPI_RXNE中断，实时查看接收寄存器值，定位硬件或软件层面问题
检查缓冲区访问：确保收发缓冲区未被其他代码意外修改，且memset初始化操作正确执行

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Darryl Ingram

STM32 Nucleo开发板SPI全双工收发功能异常求助

环境与配置 #

问题现象 #

已尝试的调试操作 #

目标 #

Master代码 #

调试建议 #

环境与配置

问题现象

已尝试的调试操作

目标

Master代码

调试建议