64位系统venv中安装Pillow失败（zlib依赖缺失）求助

问题描述 #

在64位系统的Python虚拟环境（venv）中执行pip install Pillow时安装失败，编译Pillow源码时提示找不到zlib头文件或库文件。尝试通过MSYS2安装zlib后再次安装，问题依旧。关键报错如下：

Building wheel for Pillow (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  × Building wheel for Pillow (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [199 lines of output]
      ...
      running build_ext
     
     
      The headers or library files could not be found for zlib,
      a required dependency when compiling Pillow from source.
     
      ...
      __main__.RequiredDependencyException: zlib
     
      ...
      __main__.RequiredDependencyException:
     
      The headers or library files could not be found for zlib,
      a required dependency when compiling Pillow from source.
     
     
      [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for Pillow
Failed to build Pillow
ERROR: Could not build wheels for Pillow, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects

解决方案 #

方案1：直接安装预编译的Pillow包（推荐） #

跳过源码编译流程，强制pip使用适配系统的预编译wheel文件，执行命令：

pip install --only-binary :all: Pillow

方案2：正确配置MSYS2环境后编译安装 #

若必须从源码编译，需确保编译环境能识别MSYS2安装的zlib：

1. 打开MSYS2 MinGW 64-bit终端（需与系统位数匹配）
2. 安装zlib开发包：

   pacman -S mingw-w64-x86_64-zlib
   

3. 在该终端中激活你的Python虚拟环境：

   # 替换为你的venv激活脚本路径
   source /path/to/your/venv/Scripts/activate
   

4. 执行Pillow安装命令：

   pip install Pillow
   

原因说明：之前失败是因为普通Windows终端（cmd/PowerShell）中，MSYS2安装的zlib路径未被加入编译环境的搜索列表，导致Pillow编译脚本无法定位依赖。在MSYS2终端操作会自动配置正确的环境变量。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Илиян Гълъбов