Docker部署Spring Web应用时出现数据源驱动类找不到问题

我有一个基于PostgreSQL的Spring Web应用，在IntelliJ中运行正常，但打包成Docker镜像运行时出现数据源错误，日志如下：

00:59:44.724 [main] INFO com.example.fcs.FeedbackCollectionSystemApplication -- Starting FeedbackCollectionSystemApplication v2.15.3 using Java 19 with PID 1 (/FeedbackCollectionSystem.jar started by root in /)
00:59:44.728 [main] INFO com.example.fcs.FeedbackCollectionSystemApplication -- No active profile set, falling back to 1 default profile: "default"
00:59:45.799 [main] INFO org.springframework.data.repository.config.RepositoryConfigurationDelegate -- Bootstrapping Spring Data JPA repositories in DEFAULT mode.
00:59:45.908 [main] INFO org.springframework.data.repository.config.RepositoryConfigurationDelegate -- Finished Spring Data repository scanning in 96 ms. Found 2 JPA repository interfaces.
00:59:46.377 [main] WARN org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext -- Exception encountered during context initialization - cancelling refresh attempt: org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernateJpaConfiguration': Unsatisfied dependency expressed through constructor parameter 0: Error creating bean with name 'dataSource' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/jdbc/DataSourceConfiguration$Hikari.class]: Failed to instantiate [com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource]: Factory method 'dataSource' threw exception with message: Failed to determine a suitable driver class
00:59:46.382 [main] ERROR org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication -- Application run failed
org.springframework.beans.factory.UnsatisfiedDependencyException: Error creating bean with name 'org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.orm.jpa.HibernateJpaConfiguration': Unsatisfied dependency expressed through constructor parameter 0: Error creating bean with name 'dataSource' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/jdbc/DataSourceConfiguration$Hikari.class]: Failed to instantiate [com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource]: Factory method 'dataSource' threw exception with message: Failed to determine a suitable driver class
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.createArgumentArray(ConstructorResolver.java:802)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.autowireConstructor(ConstructorResolver.java:241)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.autowireConstructor(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1356)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBeanInstance(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1193)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:563)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:523)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:325)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:234)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:323)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:199)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(ConstructorResolver.java:413)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1336)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBeanInstance(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1166)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:563)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:523)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:325)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:234)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:323)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:199)
        at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.getBean(AbstractApplicationContext.java:1173)
        at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.finishBeanFactoryInitialization(AbstractApplicationContext.java:936)
        at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:616)
        at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:753)
        at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refreshContext(SpringApplication.java:455)
        at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:323)
        at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1342)
        at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1331)
        at com.example.fcs.FeedbackCollectionSystemApplication.main(FeedbackCollectionSystemApplication.java:10)
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'dataSource' defined in class path resource [org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/jdbc/DataSourceConfiguration$Hikari.class]: Failed to instantiate [com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource]: Factory method 'dataSource' threw exception with message: Failed to determine a suitable driver class
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiate(ConstructorResolver.java:655)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(ConstructorResolver.java:643)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.instantiateUsingFactoryMethod(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1336)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBeanInstance(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:1166)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.doCreateBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:563)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:523)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.lambda$doGetBean$0(AbstractBeanFactory.java:325)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.getSingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:234)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.doGetBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:323)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:199)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.config.DependencyDescriptor.resolveCandidate(DependencyDescriptor.java:254)        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1441)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1348)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.resolveAutowiredArgument(ConstructorResolver.java:911)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.createArgumentArray(ConstructorResolver.java:789)
        ... 27 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.BeanInstantiationException: Failed to instantiate [com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource]: Factory method 'dataSource' threw exception with message: Failed to determine a suitable driver class
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.SimpleInstantiationStrategy.instantiate(SimpleInstantiationStrategy.java:178)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.ConstructorResolver.instantiate(ConstructorResolver.java:651)
        ... 41 common frames omitted
Caused by: org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceProperties$DataSourceBeanCreationException: Failed to determine a suitable driver class
        at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceProperties.determineDriverClassName(DataSourceProperties.java:186)
        at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.PropertiesJdbcConnectionDetails.getDriverClassName(PropertiesJdbcConnectionDetails.java:49)
        at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceConfiguration.createDataSource(DataSourceConfiguration.java:55)
        at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.DataSourceConfiguration$Hikari.dataSource(DataSourceConfiguration.java:117)
        at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DirectMethodHandleAccessor.invoke(DirectMethodHandleAccessor.java:104)
        at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:578)
        at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.SimpleInstantiationStrategy.instantiate(SimpleInstantiationStrategy.java:140)
        ... 42 common frames omitted

当前配置：

• application.properties：

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:"totaly correct url"
spring.datasource.username="totaly correct username"
spring.datasource.password="totaly correct password"
spring.datasource.driver-class-name=org.postgresql.Driver

• build.gradle：

dependencies {
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jdbc'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'
    implementation 'org.postgresql:postgresql:42.2.27'
    runtimeOnly 'org.postgresql:postgresql'
    testImplementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test'
}
bootJar {
    duplicatesStrategy = 'exclude'
    mainClass = 'com.example.fcs.FeedbackCollectionSystemApplication'
}
apply plugin: 'java'

jar {
    manifest {
        attributes 'Main-Class': 'com.example.fcs.FeedbackCollectionSystemApplication'
    }
}

另外，数据库已确认运行正常，且build.gradle中两次配置Main-Class，但jar包的MANIFEST.INF中未自动生成该属性，需手动添加。

一、数据源驱动类识别失败问题 #

1. 修正application.properties配置 #

配置中URL、用户名、密码的引号是多余的，Spring Boot读取时会把引号当作值的一部分，导致URL格式错误，进而无法识别驱动类。修改为：

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://your-db-host:port/db-name
spring.datasource.username=your-username
spring.datasource.password=your-password
spring.datasource.driver-class-name=org.postgresql.Driver

2. 调整PostgreSQL依赖配置 #

同时声明implementation和runtimeOnly的PostgreSQL依赖可能导致冲突或打包时驱动类未被正确包含。保留其中一种即可，推荐使用runtimeOnly（驱动类仅在运行时需要）：

dependencies {
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jdbc'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'
    runtimeOnly 'org.postgresql:postgresql:42.2.27' // 指定版本避免兼容问题
    testImplementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test'
}

3. 确保Docker镜像使用可执行jar #

Spring Boot的bootJar任务生成的是包含所有依赖的可执行jar，普通jar任务生成的jar不包含依赖。检查Dockerfile是否正确使用bootJar产物：

FROM openjdk:19-jdk-slim
COPY build/libs/FeedbackCollectionSystem.jar app.jar
ENTRYPOINT ["java","-jar","/app.jar"]

二、MANIFEST.INF不自动生成Main-Class问题 #

1. 移除冗余配置 #

Spring Boot项目应使用bootJar生成可执行jar，普通jar任务的配置属于冗余，删除后保留bootJar配置：

plugins {
    id 'java'
    id 'org.springframework.boot' version '2.15.3' // 确保Spring Boot插件已应用
    id 'io.spring.dependency-management' version '1.1.3'
}

group = 'com.example'
version = '2.15.3'
sourceCompatibility = '19'

dependencies {
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-data-jpa'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-jdbc'
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'
    runtimeOnly 'org.postgresql:postgresql:42.2.27'
    testImplementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test'
}

bootJar {
    duplicatesStrategy = 'exclude'
    mainClass = 'com.example.fcs.FeedbackCollectionSystemApplication'
}

test {
    useJUnitPlatform()
}

2. 确保Spring Boot插件正确应用 #

Spring Boot插件会自动配置bootJar任务，必须在plugins块中声明该插件，否则无法自动生成MANIFEST属性。

3. 重新构建jar #

执行命令./gradlew clean bootJar重新生成可执行jar，此时MANIFEST.INF会自动包含Main-Class属性。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Marat