如何解读Android Studio合并清单并修复清单合并失败错误

将build.gradle中应用的targetSdkVersion从30修改为33、minSdkVersion修改为21后，构建APK时出现错误提示：Manifest merger failed with multiple errors, see logs，需通过分析AndroidManifest.xml及合并后的manifest日志修复问题。

合并Manifest的错误与警告信息 #

Merge Errors 
Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for element <activity#id.platinum.android.feature.splash.SplashActivity>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. 
lovpos_f.app main manifest (this file), line 79 

Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for element <receiver#com.freshchat.consumer.sdk.receiver.FreshchatReceiver>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. 
lovpos_f.app main manifest (this file) 

Error: android:exported needs to be explicitly specified for element <receiver#com.freshchat.consumer.sdk.receiver.FreshchatNetworkChangeReceiver>. Apps targeting Android 12 and higher are required to specify an explicit value for `android:exported` when the corresponding component has an intent filter defined. 
lovpos_f.app main manifest (this file)  

Merge Warnings 
Warning: Element uses-permission#android.permission.BLUETOOTH at AndroidManifest.xml:12:5-68 duplicated with element declared at AndroidManifest.xml:5:5-68 
lovpos_f.app main manifest (this file), line 11

AndroidManifest.xml片段 #

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
        package="id.platinum.android"
        xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools">

    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CAMERA" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADMIN" />

    <uses-feature
            android:name="android.hardware.camera"
            android:required="true" />

    <application
            android:name="id.platinum.android.MyApplication"
            android:allowBackup="true"
            android:hardwareAccelerated="true"
            android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
            android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
            android:label="@string/app_name"
            android:largeHeap="true"
            android:networkSecurityConfig="@xml/network_security_config"
            android:supportsRtl="true"
            android:theme="@style/AppTheme"
            android:requestLegacyExternalStorage="true"
            android:usesCleartextTraffic="true"
            tools:targetApi="n">

        <!-- This meta-data tag is required to use Google Play Services. -->
        <meta-data
                android:name="com.google.android.gms.version"
                android:value="@integer/google_play_services_version" />
        <meta-data
                android:name="com.google.android.gms.ads.AD_MANAGER_APP"
                android:value="true"/>
        <activity
                android:name="com.google.android.gms.ads.AdActivity"
                android:configChanges="keyboard|keyboardHidden|orientation|screenLayout|uiMode|screenSize|smallestScreenSize"
                android:theme="@android:style/Theme.Translucent" />

        <meta-data
                android:name="firebase_crashlytics_collection_enabled"
                android:value="${crashlyticsEnabled}"/>
        <meta-data
                android:name="com.google.firebase.messaging.default_notification_icon"
                android:resource="@drawable/ic_logo_white"/>
        <meta-data
                android:name="com.google.firebase.messaging.default_notification_color"
                android:resource="@color/colorPrimary"/>
        <meta-data
                android:name="com.google.firebase.messaging.default_notification_channel_id"
                android:value="@string/default_notification_channel_id"/>

        <provider
                android:name="androidx.core.content.FileProvider"
                android:authorities="id.platinum.android.provider"
                android:exported="false"
                android:grantUriPermissions="true">
            <meta-data
                    android:name="android.support.FILE_PROVIDER_PATHS"
                    android:resource="@xml/file_paths"
                    tools:replace="android:resource" />
        </provider>

        <service
                android:name="id.platinum.android.services.notification.FirebaseMessagingService"
                android:exported="false">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="com.google.firebase.MESSAGING_EVENT"/>
            </intent-filter>
        </service>

1. 修复android:exported缺失问题 #

Android 12（API 31）及以上版本强制要求：所有包含intent filter的组件（Activity、Receiver、Service等）必须显式声明android:exported属性，取值为true或false：

• 若组件需要被其他应用调用（比如启动页SplashActivity，通常带有主入口的intent filter），设置为android:exported="true"
• 若组件仅在当前应用内部使用，设置为android:exported="false"

具体操作：

• 找到Manifest第79行附近的SplashActivity声明，添加属性：

  <activity
      android:name="id.platinum.android.feature.splash.SplashActivity"
      android:exported="true">
      <!-- 保留原有intent filter内容 -->
  </activity>
  

• 针对FreshChat的两个Receiver，可在自身Manifest中补充属性，或通过tools:replace强制覆盖：

  <!-- 处理FreshchatReceiver -->
  <receiver
      android:name="com.freshchat.consumer.sdk.receiver.FreshchatReceiver"
      android:exported="false"
      tools:replace="android:exported" />
  
  <!-- 处理FreshchatNetworkChangeReceiver -->
  <receiver
      android:name="com.freshchat.consumer.sdk.receiver.FreshchatNetworkChangeReceiver"
      android:exported="false"
      tools:replace="android:exported" />
  

  也可以尝试升级FreshChat SDK到最新版本，新版本通常已适配Android 12+的exported要求。

2. 修复重复权限警告 #

Manifest中重复声明了android.permission.BLUETOOTH（第5行和第12行），直接删除其中一行即可。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Mck