如何在R中绘制区分致命/非致命事件的年份频率直方图？

Base R 实现方法 #

堆叠柱状图（更清晰展示年度总量拆分） #

先按年份和事件类型统计频次，再绘制堆叠图：

# 读取数据
Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL <- read.csv("/path to csv/.csv")

# 将outcome转为因子，赋予明确标签
Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$outcome <- factor(
  Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$outcome, 
  levels = c(1,2), 
  labels = c("致命", "非致命")
)

# 按年份+事件类型分组统计数量
attack_counts <- table(
  Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$year, 
  Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$outcome
)

# 绘制堆叠柱状图
barplot(
  attack_counts, 
  main = '确认的无端袭击事件', 
  ylab = '袭击数量', 
  xlab = '年份', 
  col = c("#e74c3c", "#3498db"),  # 自定义区分颜色
  legend.text = colnames(attack_counts),
  args.legend = list(x = "topright")
)

重叠半透明直方图 #

如果想保留直方图的分布感，可叠加半透明图层：

# 提取两类事件的年份数据
fatal_years <- Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$year[Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$outcome == 1]
nonfatal_years <- Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$year[Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$outcome == 2]

# 先绘制致命事件直方图（半透明）
hist(
  fatal_years, 
  main = '确认的无端袭击事件', 
  ylab = '袭击数量', 
  xlab = '年份', 
  breaks = 100, 
  xlim = c(1850,2050),
  col = rgb(231,76,60, maxColorValue = 255, alpha = 80)
)

# 叠加非致命事件直方图
hist(
  nonfatal_years, 
  breaks = 100, 
  xlim = c(1850,2050),
  col = rgb(52,152,219, maxColorValue = 255, alpha = 80),
  add = TRUE
)

# 添加图例
legend(
  "topright", 
  legend = c("致命", "非致命"),
  fill = c(
    rgb(231,76,60, maxColorValue = 255, alpha = 80), 
    rgb(52,152,219, maxColorValue = 255, alpha = 80)
  )
)

ggplot2 实现方法 #

ggplot2对分组可视化支持更简洁，可灵活切换堆叠、并列、重叠模式：

library(ggplot2)

# 读取数据并处理标签
Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL <- read.csv("/path to csv/.csv")
Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$outcome <- factor(
  Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL$outcome, 
  levels = c(1,2), 
  labels = c("致命", "非致命")
)

# 堆叠直方图（默认模式）
ggplot(Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL, aes(x = year, fill = outcome)) +
  geom_histogram(breaks = seq(1850, 2050, length.out = 101)) +
  labs(title = '确认的无端袭击事件', y = '袭击数量', x = '年份') +
  scale_x_continuous(limits = c(1850, 2050)) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("#e74c3c", "#3498db")) +
  theme_minimal()

# 若要重叠直方图，修改position参数并设置透明度
ggplot(Confirmed_Unprovoked_Attacks_ALL, aes(x = year, fill = outcome)) +
  geom_histogram(
    breaks = seq(1850, 2050, length.out = 101),
    position = "identity",
    alpha = 0.5
  ) +
  labs(title = '确认的无端袭击事件', y = '袭击数量', x = '年份') +
  scale_x_continuous(limits = c(1850, 2050)) +
  scale_fill_manual(values = c("#e74c3c", "#3498db")) +
  theme_minimal()

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者elasmojoe757