Windows下Python3.12安装Keras失败：dm-tree编译wheel出错求助

问题 #

在Windows系统中使用Python 3.12.1安装Keras时失败，核心报错为构建dm-tree的wheel包失败，完整错误日志如下：

Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "C:\Users\Nate\PycharmProjects\first_flask\.venv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 353, in <module>
          main()
        File "C:\Users\Nate\PycharmProjects\first_flask\.venv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 335, in main
          json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
                                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "C:\Users\Nate\PycharmProjects\first_flask\.venv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 251, in build_wheel
          return _build_backend().build_wheel(wheel_directory, config_settings,
                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 404, in build_wheel
          return self._build_with_temp_dir(
                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 389, in _build_with_temp_dir
          self.run_setup()
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 480, in run_setup
          super(_BuildMetaLegacyBackend, self).run_setup(setup_script=setup_script)
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 311, in run_setup
          exec(code, locals())
        File "<string>", line 124, in <module>
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\__init__.py", line 103, in setup
          return distutils.core.setup(**attrs)
                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\_distutils\core.py", line 185, in setup
          return run_commands(dist)
                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\_distutils\core.py", line 201, in run_commands
          dist.run_commands()
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\_distutils\dist.py", line 969, in run_commands
          self.run_command(cmd)
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\dist.py", line 963, in run_command
          super().run_command(command)
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\_distutils\dist.py", line 988, in run_command
          cmd_obj.run()
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\wheel\bdist_wheel.py", line 368, in run
          self.run_command("build")
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\_distutils\cmd.py", line 318, in run_command
          self.distribution.run_command(command)
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\dist.py", line 963, in run_command
          super().run_command(command)
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\_distutils\dist.py", line 988, in run_command
          cmd_obj.run()
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\_distutils\command\build.py", line 131, in run
          self.run_command(cmd_name)
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\_distutils\cmd.py", line 318, in run_command
          self.distribution.run_command(command)
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\dist.py", line 963, in run_command
          super().run_command(command)
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-hjzyqeky\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\_distutils\dist.py", line 988, in run_command
          cmd_obj.run()
        File "<string>", line 72, in run
        File "<string>", line 110, in build_extension
        File "C:\Users\Nate\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Lib\subprocess.py", line 413, in check_call
          raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
      subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command '['cmake', '--build', '.', '-j16', '--config', 'Release']' returned non-zero exit status 1.
      [end of output]
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for dm-tree
Failed to build dm-tree
ERROR: Could not build wheels for dm-tree, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects

已将C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312添加到环境变量PATH，但不确定是否需要添加C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Scripts目录，希望在不安装Python 3.11的前提下解决该问题。

解决方法 #

1. 完善环境变量 #

• 必须将C:\Users\<user>\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\Scripts添加到系统环境变量PATH中，该目录包含pip等工具的可执行文件，确保pip能正常调用依赖工具。
• 添加完成后重启终端或IDE，使环境变量生效。

2. 安装CMake并配置环境 #

报错核心是CMake构建失败，需确保系统已安装CMake且版本符合要求：

• 安装适配Windows的CMake最新稳定版（建议3.20+），安装时勾选"Add CMake to the system PATH for all users"或当前用户。
• 安装完成后，在终端执行cmake --version验证是否能正常调用。

3. 安装Visual Studio C++构建工具 #

Windows下编译Python扩展需要C++编译环境：

• 安装Visual Studio社区版，勾选"Desktop development with C++"工作负载，确保包含MSVC编译器、Windows SDK等组件。
• 安装完成后重启电脑，使编译环境生效。

4. 尝试安装预编译的dm-tree轮子 #

如果编译失败，可直接安装预编译的二进制包：
激活虚拟环境后执行：

pip install dm-tree --only-binary :all:

该命令强制pip使用预编译的wheel包，跳过本地编译步骤。

5. 升级pip和依赖工具 #

确保pip、setuptools、wheel为最新版本，避免工具版本过低导致的兼容问题：

pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Nathan Heffington