brew安装的arm-none-eabi-gcc编译ARM嵌入式程序无法找到标准头文件

测试代码 #

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
  printf("hello world\n");
  return 0;
}

编译结果对比 #

使用brew安装的arm-none-eabi-gcc编译 #

> arm-none-eabi-gcc test.c
test.c:1:10: fatal error: string.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include <string.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~~~~
compilation terminated.

使用ARM官方工具链编译（预期链接错误） #

> /Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc test.c
/Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(libc_a-exit.o): in function `exit':
exit.c:(.text.exit+0x28): undefined reference to `_exit'
/Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(libc_a-closer.o): in function `_close_r':
closer.c:(.text._close_r+0x18): undefined reference to `_close'
/Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(libc_a-fstatr.o): in function `_fstat_r':
fstatr.c:(.text._fstat_r+0x1c): undefined reference to `_fstat'
/Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(libc_a-isattyr.o): in function `_isatty_r':
isattyr.c:(.text._isatty_r+0x18): undefined reference to `_isatty'
/Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(libc_a-lseekr.o): in function `_lseek_r':
lseekr.c:(.text._lseek_r+0x24): undefined reference to `_lseek'
/Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(libc_a-readr.o): in function `_read_r':
readr.c:(.text._read_r+0x24): undefined reference to `_read'
/Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(libc_a-sbrkr.o): in function `_sbrk_r':
sbrkr.c:(.text._sbrk_r+0x18): undefined reference to `_sbrk'
/Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/bin/ld: /Applications/ArmGNUToolchain/13.2.Rel1/arm-none-eabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/13.2.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc.a(libc_a-writer.o): in function `_write_r':
writer.c:(.text._write_r+0x24): undefined reference to `_write'
collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status

用户疑问 #

为何brew安装的编译器无法找到标准头文件？怀疑该问题与工具链的标准库实现有关，但对这块细节不甚了解。

brew提供的arm-none-eabi-gcc默认是精简版工具链，没有预装嵌入式目标所需的标准C库（如newlib）及其头文件，这是导致找不到string.h等标准头文件的核心原因。而ARM官方发布的工具链是完整版本，自带适配嵌入式场景的标准库和头文件，所以能正常找到头文件，仅因测试代码未实现嵌入式系统必需的底层系统调用（如_exit、_write）出现链接错误——这正是你提到的预期错误。

解决brew工具链的头文件问题，可按以下步骤操作：

• 安装配套标准库：执行brew install arm-none-eabi-newlib，该包包含嵌入式目标用的标准C库及头文件。
• 验证头文件路径：安装完成后，运行arm-none-eabi-gcc -v -E -x c /dev/null查看编译器的头文件搜索路径，确认newlib的头文件目录已被纳入。
• 手动指定sysroot（若上述步骤无效）：编译时通过--sysroot参数指定newlib的安装路径，示例命令：

  arm-none-eabi-gcc --sysroot=$(brew --prefix arm-none-eabi-newlib)/arm-none-eabi test.c
  

需要注意的是，即使解决了头文件问题，用brew工具链编译测试代码仍会出现类似官方工具链的链接错误——因为嵌入式工具链不会链接主机系统的库，必须为目标硬件实现对应的底层系统调用，或使用-nostdlib参数跳过标准库链接（但这样printf等标准函数也无法使用）。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Adam