Android应用连接ElephantSQL数据库遇驱动及加密异常求助

我正尝试将Android应用连接至ElephantSQL数据库，最初遇到如下错误：

org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: Something unusual has occurred to cause the driver to fail. Please report this exception.

以下是我的database.java文件代码（包含大量已尝试过的注释内容）：

try {
    //Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
    //Enumeration<Driver> drivers = DriverManager.getDrivers();
    //System.out.printf("\n\n\n1: %s\n\n\n", drivers.nextElement().getClass().getName());
    //Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");
    String url = "jdbc:postgresql://temp.db.elephantsql.com:5432/";
    //System.out.printf("\n\n\n2: %s\n\n\n",DriverManager.getDriver(url).getClass().getName());
    String username = "redacted";
    String password = "redacted";
    //Properties props = new Properties();
    //props.setProperty("user", username);
    //props.setProperty("password", password);
    //props.setProperty("ssl", "true");
    Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username,password);
    /*
    String databaseUrl = "YOUR_DATABASE_URL";
    connection = DriverManager.getConnection(databaseUrl);
    DatabaseMetaData metaData = connection.getMetaData();
    System.out.println("JDBC Driver Name: " + metaData.getDriverName());
    System.out.println("JDBC Driver Version: " + metaData.getDriverVersion());
     */
    //Connection c = DriverManager.getConnection(database_url);
    if (c == null) {
        throw new Exception("Error: DriverManager.getConnection() returned a null object");
    }

模块级build.gradle配置 #

plugins {
    id 'com.android.application'
    id 'com.google.gms.google-services'
}

android {
    compileSdkVersion 30

    defaultConfig {
        applicationId "com.example.coachal2021"
        minSdkVersion 28
        targetSdkVersion 30
        versionCode 1
        versionName "1.0"

        testInstrumentationRunner "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
    }

    buildTypes {
        release {
            minifyEnabled false
            proguardFiles getDefaultProguardFile('proguard-android-optimize.txt'), 'proguard-rules.pro'
        }
    }
    compileOptions {
        sourceCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
        targetCompatibility JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
    }
}
configurations.all {
    resolutionStrategy.dependencySubstitution {
        substitute module('org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.1') with module('junit:junit:4.10')
    }
}

dependencies {
    implementation 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6'
    implementation 'com.googlecode.json-simple:json-simple:1.1.1'
    implementation 'androidx.appcompat:appcompat:1.2.0'
    implementation 'com.android.volley:volley:1.1.1'
    implementation 'com.google.android.material:material:1.3.0'
    implementation 'androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout:2.0.4'
    implementation platform('com.google.firebase:firebase-bom:28.4.0')
    implementation project(path: ':wahoo_fitness_android_api_1.8.2.0')
    implementation 'com.google.firebase:firebase-database'
    implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.6.0'
    testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.13.2'
    androidTestImplementation 'androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.3.0'
    implementation 'org.postgresql:postgresql:42.7.1'
    testImplementation files('libs/postgresql-42.6.0.jar')
}

项目级build.gradle配置 #

// Top-level build file where you can add configuration options common to all sub-projects/modules.
buildscript {
    repositories {
        google()
        jcenter()
    }
    dependencies {
        classpath 'com.android.tools.build:gradle:7.2.2'
        classpath 'com.google.gms:google-services:4.3.10'
        classpath files('libs/postgresql-42.6.0.jar')

        // NOTE: Do not place your application dependencies here; they belong
        // in the individual module build.gradle files
    }
}

allprojects {
    repositories {
        google()
        jcenter()
    }
}

task clean(type: Delete) {
    delete rootProject.buildDir
}

我的Java版本为1.8，模块build.gradle中PostgreSQL驱动版本为42.7.1。网上多数解决方案指向URL错误或build.gradle未引入JDBC依赖，但我这两项都没问题。

我已尝试：

• 将implementation 'org.postgresql:postgresql:42.6.0'升级至42.7.1
• 调整URL格式以匹配ElephantSQL要求
• 添加Class.forName("org.postgresql.Driver");语句

另外，我注意到build.gradle中targetSdkVersion为30，但本地SDK版本更高，这是否会导致问题？若会，如何更新SDK版本？

编辑：经过数小时排查，发现之前使用的PostgreSQL驱动版本不合适，仅42.2.9版本包含所有必需方法，更换后解决了上述驱动失败问题，但又出现新错误：

org.postgresql.util.PSQLException: Could not find a java cryptographic algorithm: jks KeyStore not available.

相关资料极少，恳请各位提供帮助。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Khofo