导入gspread遇ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'如何解决？

问题描述 #

之前能正常导入gspread模块，本周开始导入失败。执行以下代码：

import sys
sys.path.append("/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages")
import gspread

返回错误：ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'，尽管已安装cffi模块。完整错误栈如下：

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named '_cffi_backend'
thread '<unnamed>' panicked at /Users/runner/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/pyo3-0.20.2/src/err/mod.rs:788:5:
Python API call failed
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/hamident0/test/test.py", line 4, in <module>
    import gspread
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/gspread/__init__.py", line 7, in <module>
    from .auth import (
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/gspread/auth.py", line 15, in <module>
    from google.oauth2.credentials import Credentials as OAuthCredentials
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/oauth2/credentials.py", line 44, in <module>
    from google.oauth2 import reauth
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/oauth2/reauth.py", line 40, in <module>
    from google.oauth2 import _client
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/oauth2/_client.py", line 35, in <module>
    from google.auth import jwt
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/auth/jwt.py", line 57, in <module>
    from google.auth import _service_account_info
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/auth/_service_account_info.py", line 22, in <module>
    from google.auth import crypt
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/auth/crypt/__init__.py", line 43, in <module>
    from google.auth.crypt import rsa
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/auth/crypt/rsa.py", line 20, in <module>
    from google.auth.crypt import _cryptography_rsa
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/google/auth/crypt/_cryptography_rsa.py", line 22, in <module>
    import cryptography.exceptions
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cryptography/exceptions.py", line 9, in <module>
    from cryptography.hazmat.bindings._rust import exceptions as rust_exceptions
pyo3_runtime.PanicException: Python API call failed

已删除并重装gspread、cffi等相关包，且通过pip3 show cffi确认cffi位于/usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages路径下，需解决导入gspread的问题。

解决方法 #

1. 重新编译cffi模块 #

_cffi_backend是cffi的编译后扩展模块，可能因编译缓存或环境问题损坏，执行以下命令强制重新编译：

pip3 install --force-reinstall --no-binary :all: cffi

2. 检查Python环境一致性 #

确保运行脚本的Python解释器和安装cffi的pip属于同一环境：

• 查看当前Python路径：

  which python3
  

• 查看pip3对应的Python路径：

  pip3 -V
  

如果路径不一致，使用对应环境的pip重新安装：

/usr/local/bin/python3 -m pip install --force-reinstall cffi gspread

3. 降级cryptography模块 #

错误栈显示问题出在cryptography的Rust绑定部分，最新版本可能与Python 3.10或系统环境不兼容，尝试降级到稳定版本：

pip3 install cryptography==41.0.7

4. 清理Python缓存 #

删除Python的缓存文件，避免缓存干扰：

find /usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages -name "__pycache__" -exec rm -rf {} +
find /usr/local/lib/python3.10/site-packages -name "*.pyo" -o -name "*.pyc" | xargs rm -f

5. 移除手动添加的sys.path #

尝试去掉代码中手动添加的sys.path.append，避免路径冲突，直接导入：

import gspread

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Kanji