GitHub Actions中如何设置全局失败处理任务？

针对你提到的重复编写失败处理步骤的问题，不同主流CI/CD工具都有对应的复用方案，无需在每个任务末尾重复复制代码：

GitHub Actions #

方案1：封装为复合动作（Composite Action） #

把通用失败步骤封装成可复用的动作，在每个任务的失败分支中调用：

1. 创建动作配置文件 .github/actions/failure-handler/action.yml：

name: 'Failure Handler'
runs:
  using: "composite"
  steps:
    - name: 发送Slack通知
      run: |
        # 替换为你的Slack通知命令/脚本
        curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"text":"任务失败: ${{ github.job }}"}' ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK }}
      shell: bash
      if: failure()
    - name: 评论PR
      uses: actions/github-script@v6
      with:
        script: |
          // 替换为你的PR评论逻辑
          await github.rest.issues.createComment({
            owner: context.repo.owner,
            repo: context.repo.repo,
            issue_number: context.issue.number,
            body: `⚠️ 任务 \`${context.job}\` 执行失败`
          })
      if: failure()
    - name: 添加/移除标签
      run: |
        # 替换为你的标签操作命令/脚本
        gh pr edit ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }} --add-label "failed" --remove-label "passed"
      shell: bash
      env:
        GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
      if: failure()

2. 在各任务中引用该动作：

jobs:
  verify:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: 拉取代码
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: 执行verify任务
        run: npm run verify
      - name: 执行失败处理
        uses: ./.github/actions/failure-handler
        if: failure()

  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: 拉取代码
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: 执行build任务
        run: npm run build
      - name: 执行失败处理
        uses: ./.github/actions/failure-handler
        if: failure()

方案2：全局失败监听任务 #

通过needs依赖所有任务，当任意任务失败时自动触发统一的处理任务：

jobs:
  verify:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: 拉取代码
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: 执行verify任务
        run: npm run verify

  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: 拉取代码
        uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: 执行build任务
        run: npm run build

  # 其他任务：deploy-stage、deploy-prod...

  failure-handler:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: [verify, build, deploy-stage, deploy-prod]
    if: failure()
    steps:
      - name: 发送Slack通知
        run: |
          curl -X POST -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"text":"CI任务失败，请查看详情"}' ${{ secrets.SLACK_WEBHOOK }}
      - name: 评论PR
        uses: actions/github-script@v6
        with:
          script: |
            await github.rest.issues.createComment({
              owner: context.repo.owner,
              repo: context.repo.repo,
              issue_number: context.issue.number,
              body: "⚠️ CI工作流中有任务执行失败，请检查"
            })
      - name: 添加/移除标签
        run: |
          gh pr edit ${{ github.event.pull_request.number }} --add-label "failed" --remove-label "passed"
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

GitLab CI #

使用extends关键字定义失败处理模板，各任务直接继承：

1. 定义失败处理模板：

.failure_handler:
  after_script:
    - |
      # 发送Slack通知
      curl -X POST -H 'Content-type: application/json' --data '{"text":"任务失败: '$CI_JOB_NAME'"}' $SLACK_WEBHOOK
    - |
      # 评论Merge Request
      curl --request POST --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: $GITLAB_TOKEN" "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/$CI_PROJECT_ID/merge_requests/$CI_MERGE_REQUEST_IID/notes" --data "body=⚠️ 任务 \`$CI_JOB_NAME\` 执行失败"
    - |
      # 添加/移除标签
      curl --request PUT --header "PRIVATE-TOKEN: $GITLAB_TOKEN" "https://gitlab.com/api/v4/projects/$CI_PROJECT_ID/merge_requests/$CI_MERGE_REQUEST_IID" --data "add_labels=failed&remove_labels=passed"
  when: on_failure

2. 各任务继承模板：

verify:
  stage: test
  script:
    - npm run verify
  extends: .failure_handler

build:
  stage: build
  script:
    - npm run build
  extends: .failure_handler

# 其他任务：deploy-stage、deploy-prod...

Jenkins #

通过共享库（Shared Libraries）封装通用逻辑，在Pipeline中调用：

1. 创建共享库文件 vars/failureHandler.groovy：

def call() {
  sendSlackNotification()
  commentOnPR()
  manageLabels()
}

def sendSlackNotification() {
  slackSend channel: '#ci-alerts', message: "⚠️ 任务 ${env.JOB_NAME} 执行失败"
}

def commentOnPR() {
  githubComment comment: "⚠️ 任务 ${env.JOB_NAME} 在Pipeline中执行失败，请检查"
}

def manageLabels() {
  githubLabeler addLabels: ['failed'], removeLabels: ['passed']
}

2. 在Jenkinsfile中调用：

pipeline {
  agent any
  stages {
    stage('Verify') {
      steps {
        sh 'npm run verify'
      }
    }
    stage('Build') {
      steps {
        sh 'npm run build'
      }
    }
    // 其他阶段：deploy-stage、deploy-prod...
  }
  post {
    failure {
      failureHandler()
    }
  }
}

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Kousha