升级至Java 21后ArchUnit报Unsupported class file major version 65求助

将项目从Java 11升级到Java 21后，运行ArchUnit架构测试时持续抛出非法参数异常，核心错误为java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Unsupported class file major version 65。当前环境配置：

• Gradle版本：8.6（已在gradle-wrapper文件中配置）
• JDK版本：21
• 曾尝试将Gradle JVM切换为17，但问题未得到解决

完整错误堆栈：

java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Unsupported class file major version 65
    at com.tngtech.archunit.thirdparty.org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.<init>(ClassReader.java:199)
    at com.tngtech.archunit.thirdparty.org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.<init>(ClassReader.java:180)
    at com.tngtech.archunit.thirdparty.org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.<init>(ClassReader.java:166)
    at com.tngtech.archunit.thirdparty.org.objectweb.asm.ClassReader.<init>(ClassReader.java:287)
    at com.tngtech.archunit.core.importer.ClassFileProcessor.process(ClassFileProcessor.java:65)
    at com.tngtech.archunit.core.importer.ClassFileImporter.importLocations(ClassFileImporter.java:336)
    at com.tngtech.archunit.core.importer.ClassFileImporter.importPackages(ClassFileImporter.java:209)
    at com.tngtech.archunit.core.importer.ClassFileImporter.importPackages(ClassFileImporter.java:220)
    at tech.seedz.contract.architecture.ArchitectureTest.setup(ArchitectureTest.java:22)
    at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DirectMethodHandleAccessor.invoke(DirectMethodHandleAccessor.java:103)
    at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:580)
    at org.junit.platform.commons.util.ReflectionUtils.invokeMethod(ReflectionUtils.java:728)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.MethodInvocation.proceed(MethodInvocation.java:60)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain$ValidatingInvocation.proceed(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:131)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.extension.TimeoutExtension.intercept(TimeoutExtension.java:156)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.extension.TimeoutExtension.interceptLifecycleMethod(TimeoutExtension.java:128)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.extension.TimeoutExtension.interceptBeforeEachMethod(TimeoutExtension.java:78)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InterceptingExecutableInvoker$ReflectiveInterceptorCall.lambda$ofVoidMethod$0(InterceptingExecutableInvoker.java:103)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InterceptingExecutableInvoker.lambda$invoke$0(InterceptingExecutableInvoker.java:93)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain$InterceptedInvocation.proceed(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:106)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain.proceed(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:64)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain.chainAndInvoke(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:45)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InvocationInterceptorChain.invoke(InvocationInterceptorChain.java:37)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InterceptingExecutableInvoker.invoke(InterceptingExecutableInvoker.java:92)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.execution.InterceptingExecutableInvoker.invoke(InterceptingExecutableInvoker.java:86)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.invokeMethodInExtensionContext(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:520)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.ClassBasedTestDescriptor.lambda$synthesizeBeforeEachMethodAdapter$23(ClassBasedTestDescriptor.java:505)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.lambda$invokeBeforeEachMethods$3(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:174)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.lambda$invokeBeforeMethodsOrCallbacksUntilExceptionOccurs$6(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:202)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.invokeBeforeMethodsOrCallbacksUntilExceptionOccurs(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:202)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.invokeBeforeEachMethods(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:171)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.execute(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:134)
    at org.junit.jupiter.engine.descriptor.TestMethodTestDescriptor.execute(TestMethodTestDescriptor.java:68)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$6(NodeTestTask.java:151)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$8(NodeTestTask.java:141)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.Node.around(Node.java:137)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.lambda$executeRecursively$9(NodeTestTask.java:139)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.ThrowableCollector.execute(ThrowableCollector.java:73)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.executeRecursively(NodeTestTask.java:138)
    at org.junit.platform.engine.support.hierarchical.NodeTestTask.execute(NodeTestTask.java:95)
    at java.base/java.util.ArrayList.forEach(ArrayList.java:1596)

解决方案 #

• 升级ArchUnit至兼容Java 21的版本
  错误本质是ArchUnit内置的ASM库版本过低，不支持Java 21对应的类文件主版本65。需要将ArchUnit依赖升级到1.2.1及以上版本（该版本开始正式支持Java 21）。
  在Gradle中更新依赖：

  testImplementation 'com.tngtech.archunit:archunit-junit5:1.2.1'
  // 若使用JUnit 4，替换为：testImplementation 'com.tngtech.archunit:archunit-junit4:1.2.1'
  

• 统一项目编译的JDK版本配置
  检查build.gradle中的Java编译设置，确保源码和目标兼容性都指定为21，避免生成混合版本的类文件：

  java {
      sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_21
      targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_21
  }
  

• 确保Gradle运行时使用JDK 21
  之前切换到JDK 17无效，是因为测试需要处理Java 21编译的类文件。可以通过以下方式指定Gradle使用的JDK：

  1. 在项目根目录的gradle.properties中添加：

     org.gradle.java.home=/path/to/your/jdk21
     

  2. 在IDE（如IntelliJ IDEA）的Gradle设置中，将Gradle JVM改为JDK 21。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Hadi Kattan