添加Nginx与Gunicorn后WebSocket无法连接的问题求助

我正在开发一个Django-React应用，用Django Channels实现WebSocket做实时聊天功能，但加了Gunicorn和Nginx之后，前端连不上WebSocket，不确定Nginx配置是否正确。

当前Nginx配置（nginx.conf） #

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name 0.0.0.0;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://0.0.0.0:8000;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    }
    location /ws/ {
        proxy_pass http://0.0.0.0:8000;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    }

    location /static/ {
        alias /app/staticfiles/;
    }
}

Dockerfile配置 #

FROM python:3.9
ENV PYTHONUNBUFFERED=1
WORKDIR /usr/src/referralhub
RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y libsasl2-dev libldap2-dev libssl-dev
COPY requirements.txt /tmp/requirements.txt
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r /tmp/requirements.txt && rm -rf /tmp/requirements.txt
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN pip install gunicorn
RUN python manage.py collectstatic --noinput
CMD ["gunicorn", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:8000", "referralhub.wsgi:application"]

docker-compose.yml配置 #

version: "3.9.18"

services:
  django:
    build: .
    container_name: django
    command: gunicorn referralhub.wsgi:application --bind 0.0.0.0:8000
    volumes:
      - .:/app
    ports:
      - "8000:8000"
    environment:
      - DEBUG=1
      - DJANGO_ALLOWED_HOSTS=localhost 127.0.0.1 [::1]
      - AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=${AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID}
      - AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=${AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY}

    depends_on:
      - redis

  redis:
    image: "redis:alpine"

  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "80:80"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
      - static_volume:/app/staticfiles
    depends_on:
      - django

volumes:
  static_volume:

asgi.py配置 #

"""
ASGI config for referralhub project.

It exposes the ASGI callable as a module-level variable named ``application``.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/howto/deployment/asgi/
"""

import os

from django.core.asgi import get_asgi_application
from channels.routing import ProtocolTypeRouter, URLRouter
from channels.auth import AuthMiddlewareStack
import backend.routing

os.environ.setdefault('DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE', 'referralhub.settings')

application = ProtocolTypeRouter({
    'http': get_asgi_application(),
    'websocket': AuthMiddlewareStack(
        URLRouter(
            backend.routing.websocket_urlpatterns
        )
    )
})

settings.py相关配置 #

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'channels',
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'django_extensions',
    'backend',
    'corsheaders',
]
ASGI_APPLICATION = 'referralhub.asgi.application'

CHANNEL_LAYERS = {
    "default": {
        "BACKEND": "channels_redis.core.RedisChannelLayer",
        "CONFIG": {
            "hosts": [("redis", 6379)],
        },
    },
}

问题排查与修复方案 #

1. 核心问题：Gunicorn不支持ASGI协议 #

Gunicorn是WSGI服务器，无法处理WebSocket依赖的ASGI请求，必须替换为支持ASGI的服务器（如Daphne或Uvicorn）。

修复步骤：

• 在requirements.txt中添加daphne，重新构建镜像
• 修改Dockerfile的启动命令：

  CMD ["daphne", "-b", "0.0.0.0", "-p", "8000", "referralhub.asgi:application"]
  

• 修改docker-compose.yml中django服务的command：

  command: daphne referralhub.asgi:application --bind 0.0.0.0 --port 8000
  

2. Nginx配置优化 #

Docker容器间通信需使用服务名而非0.0.0.0，同时添加WebSocket超时配置避免连接断开：

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name 0.0.0.0;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://django:8000;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    }
    location /ws/ {
        proxy_pass http://django:8000;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        # 添加WebSocket超时配置
        proxy_connect_timeout 7d;
        proxy_send_timeout 7d;
        proxy_read_timeout 7d;
    }

    location /static/ {
        alias /app/staticfiles/;
    }
}

3. 允许主机配置 #

更新settings.py中的DJANGO_ALLOWED_HOSTS，包含Docker服务名：

DJANGO_ALLOWED_HOSTS=localhost 127.0.0.1 [::1] django nginx

4. 前端连接地址校验 #

确保前端WebSocket连接地址为ws://你的域名/ws/（生产环境用wss://），路径需与后端routing配置一致。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Allen Ye