如何解决Python安装dlib时C编译器编译失败问题？

我需要安装dlib库以在Python中导入face_recognition模块，已完成以下配置：

• 安装cmake 3.29.1版本
• 安装Microsoft的Desktop development with C++工具
• 安装Python 3.12.2版本，且配置环境变量C:\Users\mynama\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312

执行pip install dlib时出现构建wheel失败的错误，提示C编译器C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/BuildTools/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.39.33519/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe无法编译简单测试程序，具体错误输出如下：

pip install dlib Collecting dlib   Using cached dlib-19.24.4.tar.gz (3.3 MB)   Installing build dependencies ... done   Getting requirements to build wheel ... done   Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... done Building wheels for collected packages: dlib Building wheel for dlib (pyproject.toml) ... error   error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  × Building wheel for dlib (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully. │ exit code: 1   ╰─> [143 lines of output]
      <string>:210: SyntaxWarning: invalid escape sequence '\('
      <string>:211: SyntaxWarning: invalid escape sequence '\('
      <string>:212: SyntaxWarning: invalid escape sequence '\('
      running bdist_wheel
      running build
      running build_ext
      <string>:125: DeprecationWarning: distutils Version classes are deprecated. Use packaging.version instead.
      Building extension for Python 3.12.2 (tags/v3.12.2:6abddd9, Feb  6 2024, 21:26:36) [MSC v.1937 64 bit (AMD64)]
      Invoking CMake setup: 'cmake C:\Users\andre.pimentel\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-88y5mi18\dlib_5093a421ca20445ab77f1ec7f4eced53\tools\python
-DCMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=C:\Users\andre.pimentel\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-88y5mi18\dlib_5093a421ca20445ab77f1ec7f4eced53\build\lib.win-amd64-cpython-312
-DPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=C:\Users\andre.pimentel\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python312\python.exe
-DCMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_RELEASE=C:\Users\andre.pimentel\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-88y5mi18\dlib_5093a421ca20445ab77f1ec7f4eced53\build\lib.win-amd64-cpython-312
-A x64'
      -- Building for: Visual Studio 17 2022
      -- Selecting Windows SDK version 10.0.22621.0 to target Windows 10.0.19045.
      -- The C compiler identification is MSVC 19.39.33523.0
      -- The CXX compiler identification is MSVC 19.39.33523.0
      -- Detecting C compiler ABI info
      -- Detecting C compiler ABI info - failed
-- Check for working C compiler: C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/BuildTools/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.39.33519/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe
      -- Check for working C compiler: C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/BuildTools/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.39.33519/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe - broken
      CMake Error at C:/Program Files/cmake-3.29.1-windows-x86_64/share/cmake-3.29/Modules/CMakeTestCCompiler.cmake:67 (message):
        The C compiler

          "C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/BuildTools/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.39.33519/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe"

测试程序编译失败的详细输出：

Change Dir: 'C:/Users/andre.pimentel/AppData/Local/Temp/pip-install-88y5mi18/dlib_5093a421ca20445ab77f1ec7f4eced53/build/temp.win-amd64-cpython-312/Release/CMakeFiles/CMakeScratch/TryCompile-fy734e'

          Run Build Command(s): "C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/BuildTools/MSBuild/Current/Bin/amd64/MSBuild.exe" cmTC_7bd2c.vcxproj /p:Configuration=Debug /p:Platform=x64 /p:VisualStudioVersion=17.0 /v:n
          MSBuild version 17.9.8+b34f75857 for .NET Framework
          Build started 4/8/2024 12:48:24 PM.

          Project "C:\Users\andre.pimentel\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-88y5mi18\dlib_5093a421ca20445ab77f1ec7f4eced53\build\temp.win-amd64-cpython-312\Release\CMakeFiles\CMakeScratch\TryCompile-fy734e\cmTC_7bd2c.vcxproj" on node 1 (default targets).
          PrepareForBuild:
            Creating directory "cmTC_7bd2c.dir\Debug\".
            Structured output is enabled. The formatting of compiler diagnostics will reflect the error hierarchy. See https://aka.ms/cpp/structured-output for more details.
            Creating directory "C:\Users\andre.pimentel\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-88y5mi18\dlib_5093a421ca20445ab77f1ec7f4eced53\build\temp.win-amd64-cpython-312\Release\CMakeFiles\CMakeScratch\TryCompile-fy734e\Debug\".
            Creating directory "cmTC_7bd2c.dir\Debug\cmTC_7bd2c.tlog\".
          InitializeBuildStatus:
            Creating "cmTC_7bd2c.dir\Debug\cmTC_7bd2c.tlog\unsuccessfulbuild" because "AlwaysCreate" was specified.
            Touching "cmTC_7bd2c.dir\Debug\cmTC_7bd2c.tlog\unsuccessfulbuild".

解决方案 #

1. 补全VS Build Tools组件 #

打开Visual Studio Installer，修改Desktop development with C++的安装，确保勾选以下组件：

• MSVC v143 - VS 2022 C++ x64/x86生成工具
• Windows 10 SDK（匹配你的系统版本）
• C++ CMake工具 for Windows
• C++ ATL for latest v143 build tools
  安装完成后重启电脑。

2. 用管理员权限执行安装 #

右键命令提示符或PowerShell，选择「以管理员身份运行」，再执行：

pip install dlib

3. 安装预编译wheel包 #

Python 3.12兼容性尚不完善，直接下载对应系统和Python版本的dlib预编译wheel文件，执行：

pip install 你的dlib文件名.whl

4. 指定编译参数安装 #

手动指定编译器和SDK版本，执行：

pip install dlib --global-option=build_ext --global-option="-DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/BuildTools/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.39.33519/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe" --global-option="-DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2022/BuildTools/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.39.33519/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe" --global-option="-DCMAKE_SYSTEM_VERSION=10.0.22621.0"

5. 降级Python版本 #

如果以上方法都无效，暂时降级到Python 3.11，再执行pip install dlib，这个版本和dlib的兼容性更稳定。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者André Pimentel