GraalVM构建Windows可执行文件时ClassNotFoundException问题排查

我在GitHub Actions上构建Java 8项目，流程是先打包成包含依赖的独立Jar包，再通过Liberica NIK生成Windows可执行文件。本地使用相同版本Liberica NIK构建的exe可正常运行，但GitHub Actions生成的exe运行时抛出以下异常：

Error: Could not find or load main class de.teatime08.Main
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: de.teatime08.Main

用于生成exe的Jar包本身能正常运行，我尝试调整GraalVM及maven-assembly-plugin的多种配置仍未解决问题，当前配置如下：

pom.xml中maven-assembly-plugin配置 #

<plugin>
    <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.7.1</version>
    <executions>
        <execution>
            <phase>package</phase>
            <goals>
                <goal>single</goal>
            </goals>
        </execution>
    </executions>
    <configuration>
        <descriptorRefs>
            <descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
        </descriptorRefs>
        <appendAssemblyId>false</appendAssemblyId>
        <archive>
            <manifest>
                <!--<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>-->
                <!--<classpathPrefix>lib/</classpathPrefix>-->
                <mainClass>de.teatime08.Main</mainClass>
            </manifest>
        </archive>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

GitHub Workflow关键部分 #

name: GraalVM SimpleInternetMonitor builds
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
  build:
    name: SimpleInternetMonitor on ${{ matrix.os }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [windows-latest]
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      # Setup the GraalVM with liberica, to avoid executing UI triggers
      - uses: graalvm/setup-graalvm@v1
        with:
          java-version: '21'
          distribution: 'liberica'
          # distribution: 'graalvm-community'
          java-package: 'jdk+fx'
          github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          native-image-job-reports: 'true'
          cache: 'maven'

      # Execute the build script
      - name: Build
        run: |
          .\buildNative_from_Windows.ps1

      - name: Upload Java Executable file
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: SimpleInternetMonitor.jar
          path: target\SimpleInternetMonitor.jar

      - name: Upload Executable
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: SimpleInternetMonitor.exe
          path: target-native\SimpleInternetMonitor.exe

构建脚本（buildNative_from_Windows.ps1） #

mvn -B -ntp clean install compile -Pnative package "-Djava.awt.headless=false" "-Dmaven.tests.skip=true" "-Dorg.slf4j.simpleLogger.defaultLogLevel=WARN"
echo "Creating target-native dir"
New-Item -ItemType Directory -Force -Path target-native
echo "Starting Native Build on Windows."
native-image `
    -g -O0 `
    "-Djava.awt.headless=false" `
    --link-at-build-time `
    --enable-http `
    --enable-https `
    "-H:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions" `
    "-H:ResourceConfigurationFiles=native-resources-configuration.json" `
    -jar .\target\SimpleInternetMonitor.jar `
    .\target-native\SimpleInternetMonitor

已尝试的解决方案 #

• 切换Liberica与GraalVM社区版
• 修改pom.xml中的<addClasspath>和<classpathPrefix>配置
• 调整Maven构建命令（使用-Pnative或native:compile）
• 尝试使用JDK 8编译（未成功）
• 在native-image命令中添加--no-fallback等参数
• 排查GitHub分支提交中的其他尝试记录

更新：问题已解决
推测问题根源是GitHub Actions环境中生成的镜像默认进入了回退模式，没有以原生方式运行，而是依赖系统安装的JRE。在native-image命令中添加--no-fallback参数强制禁用回退模式后，生成的exe可正常运行。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者TeaTiMe08