Windows11下g++编译含<iostream>代码出现ld返回116错误求助

问题描述 #

重装Windows 11后安装了VS Code、MSYS的MINGW64编译器包及Git Bash，此前将Git Bash作为VS Code默认终端正常使用。但现在只要代码中引入<iostream>库，使用g++编译就会报错：collect2.exe: error: ld returned 116 exit status。已尝试两次重装Windows、修改系统环境变量Path，问题仍未解决。

测试代码 #

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main(void)
{
    cout << "test";
    return 0;
}

完整编译日志 #

g++ -v test.cpp
Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=C:\msys64\ucrt64\bin\g++.exe
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/lto-wrapper.exe
Target: x86_64-w64-mingw32
Configured with: ../gcc-13.2.0/configure --prefix=/ucrt64 --with-local-prefix=/ucrt64/local --build=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --host=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --target=x86_64-w64-mingw32 --with-native-system-header-dir=/ucrt64/include --libexecdir=/ucrt64/lib --enable-bootstrap --enable-checking=release --with-arch=nocona --with-tune=generic --enable-languages=c,lto,c++,fortran,ada,objc,obj-c++,jit --enable-shared --enable-static --enable-libatomic --enable-threads=posix --enable-graphite --enable-fully-dynamic-string --enable-libstdcxx-filesystem-ts --enable-libstdcxx-time --disable-libstdcxx-pch --enable-lto --enable-libgomp --disable-libssp --disable-multilib --disable-rpath --disable-win32-registry --disable-nls --disable-werror --disable-symvers --with-libiconv --with-system-zlib --with-gmp=/ucrt64 --with-mpfr=/ucrt64 --with-mpc=/ucrt64 --with-isl=/ucrt64 --with-pkgversion='Rev6, Built by MSYS2 project' --with-bugurl=https://github.com/msys2/MINGW-packages/issues --with-gnu-as --with-gnu-ld --disable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-plugin --with-boot-ldflags=-static-libstdc++ --with-stage1-ldflags=-static-libstdc++
Thread model: posix
Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib zstd
gcc version 13.2.0 (Rev6, Built by MSYS2 project)
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-shared-libgcc' '-mtune=generic' '-march=nocona' '-dumpdir' 'a-'
 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/cc1plus.exe -quiet -v -iprefix C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/ -D_REENTRANT test.cpp -quiet -dumpdir a- -dumpbase test.cpp -dumpbase-ext .cpp -mtune=generic -march=nocona -version -o C:\Users\Jakub\AppData\Local\Temp\ccWT6Ahy.s
GNU C++17 (Rev6, Built by MSYS2 project) version 13.2.0 (x86_64-w64-mingw32)
        compiled by GNU C version 13.2.0, GMP version 6.3.0, MPFR version 4.2.1, MPC version 1.3.1, isl version isl-0.26-GMP

GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
ignoring nonexistent directory "C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/include"
ignoring duplicate directory "C:/msys64/ucrt64/lib/gcc/../../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../include/c++/13.2.0"
ignoring duplicate directory "C:/msys64/ucrt64/lib/gcc/../../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../include/c++/13.2.0/x86_64-w64-mingw32"
ignoring duplicate directory "C:/msys64/ucrt64/lib/gcc/../../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../include/c++/13.2.0/backward"
ignoring duplicate directory "C:/msys64/ucrt64/lib/gcc/../../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/include"
ignoring nonexistent directory "D:/a/msys64/ucrt64/include"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/ucrt64/include"
ignoring duplicate directory "C:/msys64/ucrt64/lib/gcc/../../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/include-fixed"
ignoring nonexistent directory "C:/msys64/ucrt64/lib/gcc/../../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/include"
ignoring nonexistent directory "D:/a/msys64/ucrt64/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../include/c++/13.2.0
 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../include/c++/13.2.0/x86_64-w64-mingw32
 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../include/c++/13.2.0/backward
 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/include
 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../include
 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/include-fixed
End of search list.
Compiler executable checksum: db59fc1bcdba60d101895fadb0a9b197
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-shared-libgcc' '-mtune=generic' '-march=nocona' '-dumpdir' 'a-'
 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/as.exe -v -o C:\Users\Jakub\AppData\Local\Temp\cc4Iw457.o C:\Users\Jakub\AppData\Local\Temp\ccWT6Ahy.s
COMPILER_PATH=C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/;C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/;C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/
LIBRARY_PATH=C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/;C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/;C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib/;C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../lib/;C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/;C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-v' '-shared-libgcc' '-mtune=generic' '-march=nocona' '-dumpdir' 'a.'
 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/collect2.exe -plugin C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/liblto_plugin.dll -plugin-opt=C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/lto-wrapper.exe -plugin-opt=-fresolution=C:\Users\Jakub\AppData\Local\Temp\ccEAWq3K.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lmingw32 -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lmoldname -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lmingwex -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lmsvcrt -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lkernel32 -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lpthread -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-ladvapi32 -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lshell32 -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-luser32 -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lkernel32 -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lmingw32 -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_s -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lmoldname -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lmingwex -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lmsvcrt -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lkernel32 -m i386pep -Bdynamic C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../lib/crt2.o C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/crtbegin.o -LC:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0 -LC:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc -LC:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib/../lib -LC:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../lib -LC:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/lib -LC:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../.. C:\Users\Jakub\AppData\Local\Temp\cc4Iw457.o -lstdc++ -lmingw32 -lgcc_s -lgcc -lmoldname -lmingwex -lmsvcrt -lkernel32 -lpthread -ladvapi32 -lshell32 -luser32 -lkernel32 -lmingw32 -lgcc_s -lgcc -lmoldname -lmingwex -lmsvcrt -lkernel32 C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/../../../../lib/default-manifest.o C:/msys64/ucrt64/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/13.2.0/crtend.o
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 116 exit status

错误原因及排查方向 #

从编译日志能看出，编译阶段（生成汇编、目标文件）都正常，问题出在链接环节。常见原因如下：

• MSYS2环境损坏：即便重装了系统，MSYS2的安装包可能存在文件缺失或损坏，尤其是libstdc++这类标准库文件。建议彻底卸载MSYS2，删除C:\msys64目录，重新下载最新版安装包，安装后执行pacman -Syu和pacman -S mingw-w64-ucrt-x86_64-gcc完整更新编译器。
• 终端工具链冲突：VS Code用Git Bash作为终端时，可能混入了系统中其他版本的MinGW工具，导致链接时调用了错误的ld.exe。在Git Bash里执行which ld和ld --version，确认使用的是MSYS2 ucrt64目录下的ld工具。
• 临时目录权限不足：链接过程需要写入临时文件（日志里的C:\Users\Jakub\AppData\Local\Temp），如果当前用户对该目录没有读写权限，会导致ld操作失败。检查目录权限，确保用户有完全控制权限。
• LTO插件问题：日志显示启用了链接时优化（LTO），如果liblto_plugin.dll损坏或与编译器版本不匹配，会引发链接错误。可以尝试用g++ -fno-lto test.cpp命令禁用LTO，测试能否正常编译。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Jakub Roś