Kotlin项目kaptGenerateStubsKotlin任务间歇性构建失败求助

问题背景 #

维护自研Kotlin项目时遭遇棘手问题：项目采用依赖Kapt生成代码的EBean框架，但每隔几天执行./gradlew run构建时，:kaptGenerateStubsKotlin任务就会失败。每次失败后升级Kotlin版本可临时解决问题，过去一年已重复至少10次，困扰极大。核心疑问：版本已固定，构建间隔期间未手动更新任何内容，为何构建结果非确定性？

错误日志 #

> Task :kaptGenerateStubsKotlin FAILED
e: java.lang.IllegalAccessError: superclass access check failed: class org.jetbrains.kotlin.kapt3.base.javac.KaptJavaCompiler (in unnamed module @0x65012184) cannot access class com.sun.tools.javac.main.JavaCompiler (in module jdk.compiler) because module jdk.compiler does not export com.sun.tools.javac.main to unnamed module @0x65012184
        at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
        at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:1018)
        at java.base/java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:150)
        at java.base/java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(URLClassLoader.java:524)
        at java.base/java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:427)
        at java.base/java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:421)
        at java.base/java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(AccessController.java:714)
        at java.base/java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:420)
        at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:593)
        at java.base/java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:526)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.kapt3.base.KaptContext.<init>(KaptContext.kt:55)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.kapt3.KaptContextForStubGeneration.<init>(KaptContextForStubGeneration.kt:38)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.kapt3.AbstractKapt3Extension.contextForStubGeneration(Kapt3Extension.kt:278)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.kapt3.AbstractKapt3Extension.analysisCompleted(Kapt3Extension.kt:157)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.kapt3.ClasspathBasedKapt3Extension.analysisCompleted(Kapt3Extension.kt:87)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.TopDownAnalyzerFacadeForJVM.analyzeFilesWithJavaIntegration$invokeExtensionsOnAnalysisComplete(TopDownAnalyzerFacadeForJVM.kt:104)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.TopDownAnalyzerFacadeForJVM.analyzeFilesWithJavaIntegration(TopDownAnalyzerFacadeForJVM.kt:114)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.TopDownAnalyzerFacadeForJVM.analyzeFilesWithJavaIntegration$default(TopDownAnalyzerFacadeForJVM.kt:77)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler$analyze$1.invoke(KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler.kt:256)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler$analyze$1.invoke(KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler.kt:247)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.messages.AnalyzerWithCompilerReport.analyzeAndReport(AnalyzerWithCompilerReport.kt:115)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler.analyze(KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler.kt:247)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler.compileModules$cli(KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler.kt:87)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.compiler.KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler.compileModules$cli$default(KotlinToJVMBytecodeCompiler.kt:43)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.K2JVMCompiler.doExecute(K2JVMCompiler.kt:165)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.jvm.K2JVMCompiler.doExecute(K2JVMCompiler.kt:50)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLICompiler.execImpl(CLICompiler.kt:104)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLICompiler.execImpl(CLICompiler.kt:48)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.cli.common.CLITool.exec(CLITool.kt:101)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.incremental.IncrementalJvmCompilerRunner.runCompiler(IncrementalJvmCompilerRunner.kt:463)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.incremental.IncrementalJvmCompilerRunner.runCompiler(IncrementalJvmCompilerRunner.kt:62)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.incremental.IncrementalCompilerRunner.doCompile(IncrementalCompilerRunner.kt:477)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.incremental.IncrementalCompilerRunner.compileImpl(IncrementalCompilerRunner.kt:400)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.incremental.IncrementalCompilerRunner.compileNonIncrementally(IncrementalCompilerRunner.kt:281)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.incremental.IncrementalCompilerRunner.compile(IncrementalCompilerRunner.kt:125)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.daemon.CompileServiceImplBase.execIncrementalCompiler(CompileServiceImpl.kt:657)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.daemon.CompileServiceImplBase.access$execIncrementalCompiler(CompileServiceImpl.kt:105)
        at org.jetbrains.kotlin.daemon.CompileServiceImpl.compile(CompileServiceImpl.kt:1624)
        at java.base/jdk.internal.reflect.DirectMethodHandleAccessor.invoke(DirectMethodHandleAccessor.java:103)
        at java.base/java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:578)
        at java.rmi/sun.rmi.server.UnicastServerRef.dispatch(UnicastServerRef.java:360)
        at java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport.Transport$1.run(Transport.java:200)
        at java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport.Transport$1.run(Transport.java:197)
        at java.base/java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(AccessController.java:714)
        at java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport.Transport.serviceCall(Transport.java:196)
        at java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport.handleMessages(TCPTransport.java:598)
        at java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.run0(TCPTransport.java:844)
        at java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.lambda$run$0(TCPTransport.java:721)
        at java.base/java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(AccessController.java:400)
        at java.rmi/sun.rmi.transport.tcp.TCPTransport$ConnectionHandler.run(TCPTransport.java:720)
        at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1144)
        at java.base/java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:642)
        at java.base/java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:1583)


FAILURE: Build failed with an exception.

* What went wrong:
Execution failed for task ':kaptGenerateStubsKotlin'.
> A failure occurred while executing org.jetbrains.kotlin.compilerRunner.GradleCompilerRunnerWithWorkers$GradleKotlinCompilerWorkAction
   > Internal compiler error. See log for more details

* Try:
> Run with --stacktrace option to get the stack trace.
> Run with --info or --debug option to get more log output.
> Run with --scan to get full insights.

* Get more help at https://help.gradle.org

Deprecated Gradle features were used in this build, making it incompatible with Gradle 8.0.

You can use '--warning-mode all' to show the individual deprecation warnings and determine if they come from your own scripts or plugins.

See https://docs.gradle.org/7.5/userguide/command_line_interface.html#sec:command_line_warnings

BUILD FAILED in 1s

当前环境参数 #

Java版本 #

java -version

java version "17.0.10" 2024-01-16 LTS
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 17.0.10+11-LTS-240)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 17.0.10+11-LTS-240, mixed mode, sharing)

Gradle版本 #

./gradlew -version                                                           ✔  base   

------------------------------------------------------------
Gradle 7.5
------------------------------------------------------------

Build time:   2022-07-14 12:48:15 UTC
Revision:     c7db7b958189ad2b0c1472b6fe663e6d654a5103

Kotlin:       1.6.21
Groovy:       3.0.10
Ant:          Apache Ant(TM) version 1.10.11 compiled on July 10 2021
JVM:          17.0.10 (Oracle Corporation 17.0.10+11-LTS-240)
OS:           Mac OS X 13.2.1 aarch64

build.gradle关键配置 #

Plugins配置 #

plugins {
    id 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm' version '1.9.20'
    id "org.jetbrains.kotlin.kapt" version "1.9.20"

    id 'com.github.ben-manes.versions' version '0.28.0'
    id 'io.gitlab.arturbosch.detekt' version '1.22.0'
    id('io.ebean') version '13.11.0'
    id "com.google.protobuf" version "0.9.1"
}

apply plugin: 'java'
apply plugin: 'application'
apply plugin: 'jacoco'

Dependencies配置 #

dependencies {
    // query bean generation
    kapt 'io.ebean:kotlin-querybean-generator:13.11.0'
    implementation 'io.ebean:ebean:13.11.0'
    implementation 'io.ebean:ebean-migration:13.6.0'
    implementation 'io.ebean:ebean-querybean:13.11.0'
    testImplementation 'io.ebean:ebean-test:13.11.0'
}

tasks.withType(org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.tasks.KotlinCompile).all {
    kotlinOptions {
        jvmTarget = "17"
    }
}

问题分析与解决方案 #

核心原因 #

1. 版本兼容性冲突：Gradle 7.5自带的Kotlin版本为1.6.21，但手动指定了Kotlin插件版本1.9.20，两者版本差异过大，Gradle对高版本Kotlin的兼容性不足，导致构建过程中出现模块访问权限异常。
2. 增量构建缓存损坏：Kapt的增量构建缓存可能因版本不兼容、JDK模块系统限制等原因出现状态不一致，导致非确定性构建失败，升级Kotlin版本会清理部分缓存，因此能临时解决。
3. JDK模块系统限制：Java 17的模块系统默认不对外暴露com.sun.tools.javac.main包，Kapt的内部类试图访问该包时触发权限错误。

具体解决方案 #

1. 清理构建缓存（临时应急）
   执行./gradlew clean清理所有构建缓存，再重新执行构建，无需升级Kotlin版本即可验证是否解决问题。

2. 统一版本兼容性

   • 方案一：降级Kotlin版本到Gradle 7.5支持的最高稳定版（1.7.20），修改plugins中的Kotlin版本：

     id 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.jvm' version '1.7.20'
     id "org.jetbrains.kotlin.kapt" version "1.7.20"
     

   • 方案二：升级Gradle到8.x版本（推荐8.5+），Gradle 8.x原生支持Kotlin 1.9.x，彻底解决版本兼容问题。

3. 绕过JDK模块访问限制
   在gradle.properties文件中添加以下JVM参数，强制开放JDK内部模块的访问权限：

   org.gradle.jvmargs=--add-exports=jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.main=ALL-UNNAMED --add-opens=jdk.compiler/com.sun.tools.javac.main=ALL-UNNAMED
   

4. 检查EBean版本兼容性
   确保EBean 13.11.0与使用的Kotlin版本匹配，确认EBean官方支持的Kotlin版本范围，避免依赖不兼容。

5. 禁用增量构建（兜底方案）
   在gradle.properties中添加以下配置，彻底关闭Kotlin增量构建，避免缓存问题：

   kotlin.incremental=false
   

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Stanislav Kozlovski