Maven项目跨平台构建失败：无法解析JavaFX依赖求助

错误信息 #

[ERROR] Failed to execute goal on project RNGame: Could not resolve dependencies for project com.ceebee:RNGame:jar:1.0-SNAPSHOT: The following artifacts could not be resolved: org.openjfx:javafx-controls:jar:${javafx.platform}:21.0.3 (absent), org.openjfx:javafx-graphics:jar:${javafx.platform}:21.0.3 (absent), org.openjfx:javafx-base:jar:${javafx.platform}:21.0.3 (absent), org.openjfx:javafx-fxml:jar:${javafx.platform}:21.0.3 (absent), org.openjfx:javafx-media:jar:${javafx.platform}:21.0.3 (absent): Could not find artifact org.openjfx:javafx-controls:jar:${javafx.platform}:21.0.3 in central (https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2)

当前pom.xml配置 #

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>com.ceebee</groupId>
    <artifactId>RNGame</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <name>RNGame</name>

    <properties>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
        <junit.version>5.8.2</junit.version>
    </properties>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.openjfx/javafx -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
            <artifactId>javafx</artifactId>
            <version>21.0.3</version>
            <type>pom</type>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
            <artifactId>javafx-controls</artifactId>
            <version>21.0.3</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
            <artifactId>javafx-fxml</artifactId>
            <version>21.0.3</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
            <artifactId>javafx-media</artifactId>
            <version>21.0.3</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId>
            <version>${junit.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit-jupiter-engine</artifactId>
            <version>${junit.version}</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
                <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
                <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
                <version>1.18.32</version>
                <scope>provided</scope>
            </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
            <artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
            <version>2.17.0</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.10.1</version>
                <configuration>
                    <source>20</source>
                    <target>20</target>
                    <annotationProcessorPaths>
                        <path>
                            <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId>
                            <artifactId>lombok</artifactId>
                            <version>1.18.32</version>
                        </path>
                    </annotationProcessorPaths>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.openjfx</groupId>
                <artifactId>javafx-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>0.0.8</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <!-- Default configuration for running with: mvn clean javafx:run -->
                        <id>default-cli</id>
                        <configuration>
                            <mainClass>com.ceebee.rngame/com.ceebee.rngame.RNGame</mainClass>
                            <launcher>RNGame.sh</launcher>
                            <jlinkZipName>RNGame</jlinkZipName>
                            <jlinkImageName>RNGame</jlinkImageName>
                            <stripDebug>true</stripDebug>
                            <stripJavaDebugAttributes>true</stripJavaDebugAttributes>
                            <noManPages>true</noManPages>
                            <stripDebug>true</stripDebug>
                            <noHeaderFiles>true</noHeaderFiles>
                        </configuration>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>3.3.0</version>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>copy-external-resources</id>
                        <phase>generate-sources</phase>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>copy-resources</goal>
                        </goals>
                        <configuration>
                            <outputDirectory>${basedir}/target/res</outputDirectory>
                            <resources>
                                <resource>
                                    <directory>res</directory>
                                </resource>
                            </resources>
                        </configuration>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

环境信息 #

macOS环境 #

Apache Maven 3.9.7 (8b094c9513efc1b9ce2d952b3b9c8eaedaf8cbf0)
Maven home: /usr/local/Cellar/maven/3.9.7/libexec
Java version: 21.0.3, vendor: Homebrew, runtime: /usr/local/Cellar/openjdk/21.0.3/libexec/openjdk.jdk/Contents/Home
Default locale: en_GB, platform encoding: UTF-8
OS name: "mac os x", version: "13.4.1", arch: "x86_64", family: "mac"

跨平台情况 #

• Linux环境（Maven 3.9.6）：项目可正常构建
• Windows 10/macOS 13.4.1：执行mvn clean install出现上述依赖解析错误，相关JavaFX artifacts已存在于本地.m2仓库，手动指定<classifier>mac</classifier>无效，无特殊Maven配置，环境变量配置正确。

排查方向建议 #

• 检查${javafx.platform}变量来源：错误中该变量未被替换，排查Linux环境是否通过settings.xml、profile或系统属性隐式注入了该变量，Windows/macOS缺少对应配置。可在pom.xml的<properties>中显式添加<javafx.platform>并设置对应值（mac、win、linux），或引入插件自动识别系统平台。
• 调整JavaFX依赖声明：当前pom同时引入了javafx的pom依赖和单个模块依赖，可能存在冲突。尝试移除单个模块依赖，仅保留javafx的pom依赖；或确保单个模块依赖通过<classifier>正确指定平台，且与当前系统匹配。
• 升级javafx-maven-plugin：当前使用的0.0.8版本较旧，尝试升级到最新稳定版，新版本插件通常会自动处理平台依赖的classifier，避免手动配置冲突。
• 清理Maven缓存：执行mvn clean install -U强制更新依赖，或手动删除本地.m2仓库中org/openjfx目录后重新构建，排除缓存损坏问题。
• 统一Maven版本：Linux使用3.9.6，Windows/macOS使用3.9.7，尝试在Windows/macOS降级到3.9.6，确认是否是版本兼容性导致的问题。
• 验证架构匹配：macOS为x86_64架构，确认本地仓库中JavaFX artifacts的架构与系统一致，避免arm64和x86_64版本混存。
• 查看Maven调试日志：执行mvn clean install -X，分析依赖解析的详细过程，确认Maven查找的artifact路径是否正确，是否有配置覆盖了classifier或属性。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者GenerationLost