Telegram Mini App无法向本地服务器请求的问题求助

我的项目包含三个模块：

• bot：仅用于启动Telegram Mini App
• client：基于Vite的网页项目
• server：Express后端服务，集成Sequelize操作数据库

问题现象 #

桌面端Telegram打开Mini App时，请求能正常发送到本地http://localhost:3000服务器；但移动端打开时，发送HTTP请求会触发ERR_CLEARTEXT_NOT_PERMITTED错误。

排查与尝试 #

确认移动端仅支持HTTPS请求后，我用openssl生成了SSL证书，但将客户端请求切换为https://localhost:3000后，又出现net::ERR_CONNECTION_REFUSED错误。

以下是我的服务器代码：

import express, { Request, Response } from "express";
import sequelize from "./config/database";
import { User } from "./models/user";
import cors from "cors";
import https from "https";
import * as fs from "fs";
import * as path from "path";
const app = express();
const port = 3000;

app.use(express.json());

const corsOptions = {
    origin: "http://localhost:5173",
    credentials: true, //access-control-allow-credentials:true
    optionSuccessStatus: 200,
};

app.use(cors(corsOptions)); // Use this after the variable declaration

app.get("/", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
    res.send("Hello World!");
});

app.post("/user", async (req: Request, res: Response) => {
    const { first_name, username, id } = req.body;
    console.log(req.body);
    try {
        // Check if user already exists
        const existingUser = await User.findOne({ where: { id } });
        if (existingUser) {
            return res.status(409).json({ error: "User already exists" });
        }

        // Create new user
        const user = await User.create({ first_name, username, id });
        res.status(201).json(user);
    } catch (error) {
        res.status(400).json({ error: error.message });
    }
});

console.log(__dirname);

const options = {
    key: fs.readFileSync(path.resolve(__dirname, "../cert/key.pem")),
    cert: fs.readFileSync(path.resolve(__dirname, "../cert/cert.pem")),
};

// app.set("ssl", true);
// app.set("sslKey", options.key);
// app.set("sslCert", options.cert);

const start = async () => {
    try {
        await sequelize.authenticate();
        console.log("Database connected!");
        await sequelize.sync({ force: true }); // This will drop existing tables and re-create them
        // const server = https.createServer(options, app);
        // server.listen(port, () => {
        //  console.log("Express server listening on port " + port + ", secure = " + true);
        // });
        app.listen(port, () => {
            console.log("Express server listening on port " + port + ", secure = " + true);
        });
    } catch (error) {
        console.error("Unable to connect to the database:", error);
    }
};

start();

疑问 #

1. 切换为HTTPS后出现连接拒绝错误，是否是SSL证书的问题？
2. 有没有其他方法可以解决移动端的ERR_CLEARTEXT_NOT_PERMITTED错误？

备注：客户端是Vite网页项目，并非Android Studio原生项目。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Артем Липник