Intel芯片Mac下PyInstaller打包.app时配置Webdriver Manager使用ChromeDriver

我编写了Python脚本，通过webdriver-manager安装ChromeDriver，再创建Selenium实例访问网站收集HTML数据。脚本在Python环境中运行完全正常，但使用PyInstaller的--onefile参数打包为.app应用后，程序无法正常工作。我使用的是Intel芯片的Mac电脑，Windows系统下打包成.exe可以正常运行，因此怀疑是MacOS与ChromeDriver的兼容问题。

已尝试的解决策略及对应报错 #

• 方案1：使用webdriver-manager默认安装方式
  报错信息：

  INFO:webdriverSetup:ChromeDriver not working. trying ChromeDriverManager().install() Message: Unable to obtain driver for chrome; For documentation on this error, please visit: https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/troubleshooting/errors/driver_location
  

• 方案2：使用Selenium的Service命令
  报错信息：

  INFO:__main:running INFO:webdriverSetup:Error. Attempting other default chrome webdriver setup: Message: Unable to obtain driver for chrome; For documentation on this error, please visit:
  

• 方案3：使用chromedriver-autoinstaller库
  报错信息：

  INFO:webdriverSetup:Error. Attempting autoinstaller: Message: Unable to obtain driver for chrome; For documentation on this error, please visit: https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/troubleshooting/errors/driver_location
  

• 方案4：使用自定义opener
  报错信息：

  INFO:root:Downloading chromedriver (127.0.6533.57)... INFO:webdriverSetup:Error. Attempting opener thing: Message: Unable to obtain driver for chrome; For documentation on this error, please visit: https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/troubleshooting/errors/driver_location
  

• 方案5：手动修复驱动权限与文件指向问题
  发现打包为.app后，webdriver-manager未将驱动设为可执行文件，还错误地将驱动路径指向了THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.chromedriver文件，手动修正路径和权限后仍报错：

  NFO:WDM:====== WebDriver manager ====== INFO:WDM:Get LATEST chromedriver version for google-chrome INFO:WDM:Get LATEST chromedriver version for google-chrome INFO:WDM:Driver [/Users/bennet/.wdm/drivers/chromedriver/mac64/127.0.6533.57/chromedriver-mac-x64/THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.chromedriver] found in cache INFO:webdriverSetup:ChromeDriverManager, /Users/bennet/.wdm/drivers/chromedriver/mac64/127.0.6533.57/chromedriver-mac-x64/chromedriver INFO:webdriverSetup:Tried everything and it's not working. Now attempting to remove driver and reinstall. Message: Unable to obtain driver for chrome; For documentation on this error, please visit: https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/webdriver/troubleshooting/errors/driver_location
  

所有方案在脚本模式下均能正常运行，但打包为.app后全部失效，恳请提供可行的解决方案。

完整函数代码 #

def get_driver():
    if sys.platform in ["Linux", "darwin"]:
        try:
            return chrome_driver_setup()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.info(f"Tried everything and it's not working. Now attempting to remove driver and reinstall. \n {e}")
            driver_path = shutil.which('chromedriver')
            # Remove the folder and everything inside it if the path exists
            if driver_path:
                driver_folder = os.path.dirname(driver_path)
                shutil.rmtree(driver_folder)
            return chrome_driver_setup()
    elif sys.platform == "win32":
        return bing_driver_setup()

def chrome_driver_setup():
    chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")  # Run Chrome in headless mode
    chrome_options.add_argument("--no-sandbox")  # Bypass OS security model
    chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")  # Overcome limited resource problems

    def make_executable(path):
        # Change the file permissions to make it executable
        st = os.stat(path)
        os.chmod(path, st.st_mode | stat.S_IEXEC)

    def is_executable(file_path):
        # Check if the file is executable
        return os.path.isfile(file_path) and os.access(file_path, os.X_OK)   
        
    def create_ssl_context():
        context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=certifi.where())
        return context

    def create_opener():
        # Create a custom opener with our SSL context
        context = create_ssl_context()
        opener = urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.HTTPSHandler(context=context))
        urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
    

    # I know this is disgusting. Please blame ChromeDriver and Pyinstaller with MacOS because they don't work well together
    try:      
        print("Attempting default chrome webdriver setup")
        driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
        return driver
    except Exception as e:
        try: 
            logger.info(f"Error. Attempting other default chrome webdriver setup: \n {e}")
            service = ChromeService()
            driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=chrome_options)
        except Exception as e:
            try: 
                logger.info(f"Error. Attempting autoinstaller: \n {e}")
                chromedriver_autoinstaller.install()
                driver = webdriver.Chrome()
                return driver
            except Exception as e:
                try:
                    logger.info(f"Error. Attempting opener thing: \n {e}")
                    create_opener()
                    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
                    return driver
                except Exception as e:
                    logger.info(f"ChromeDriver not working. trying ChromeDriverManager().install() \n {e}")
                    executable_path = ChromeDriverManager().install()
                    # need to do this because it installs incorrectly sometimes
                    if executable_path.endswith("THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.chromedriver"):
                        executable_path = executable_path.replace("THIRD_PARTY_NOTICES.chromedriver", "chromedriver")
                    logger.info(f"ChromeDriverManager, {executable_path}")
                    if not is_executable(executable_path):
                        logger.warning(f"The file at {executable_path} is not executable. Attempting to fix permissions.")
                        make_executable(executable_path)
                    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options)
                    return driver

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Roman De Santos