如何在RHEL7-9系统用Python为Excel设置敏感度标签？

核心思路 #

Excel本质是OXML格式的压缩包，敏感度标签是微软的扩展特性，需要修改多个OXML部件才能被Office识别。我们可以通过直接操作压缩包内的XML文件，模拟Windows下xlwings的修改逻辑，实现跨平台支持。

方案一：基于zipfile+文件操作的原生实现 #

该方案无需额外依赖，直接通过Python标准库操作Excel压缩包，还原xlwings的修改逻辑：

import zipfile
import os
import tempfile

def add_sensitivity_label(input_xlsx, output_xlsx, label_info_content):
    # 临时目录处理Excel文件
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
        # 解压原Excel文件
        with zipfile.ZipFile(input_xlsx, 'r') as zf:
            zf.extractall(tmpdir)
        
        # 创建docMetadata目录并写入LabelInfo.xml
        doc_meta_dir = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'docMetadata')
        os.makedirs(doc_meta_dir, exist_ok=True)
        with open(os.path.join(doc_meta_dir, 'LabelInfo.xml'), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            f.write(label_info_content)
        
        # 更新[Content_Types].xml，添加LabelInfo的类型定义
        content_types_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, '[Content_Types].xml')
        with open(content_types_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            content = f.read()
        insert_pos = content.find('</Types>')
        if insert_pos != -1:
            new_content = (
                content[:insert_pos]
                + '\n    <Override PartName="/docMetadata/LabelInfo.xml" ContentType="application/vnd.microsoft.office.documentformat.extensibility.part+xml"/>'
                + content[insert_pos:]
            )
            with open(content_types_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                f.write(new_content)
        
        # 更新_rels/.rels，添加LabelInfo的关系映射
        rels_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, '_rels', '.rels')
        with open(rels_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            rels_content = f.read()
        rels_insert_pos = rels_content.find('</Relationships>')
        if rels_insert_pos != -1:
            new_rels_content = (
                rels_content[:rels_insert_pos]
                + '\n      <Relationship Id="rIdLabelInfo" Type="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/documentmanagement/2017/06/metadata/labelinfo" Target="docMetadata/LabelInfo.xml"/>'
                + rels_content[rels_insert_pos:]
            )
            with open(rels_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                f.write(new_rels_content)
        
        # 重新打包为Excel文件
        with zipfile.ZipFile(output_xlsx, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
            for root, _, files in os.walk(tmpdir):
                for file in files:
                    file_path = os.path.join(root, file)
                    arcname = os.path.relpath(file_path, tmpdir)
                    zf.write(file_path, arcname)

# ---------------------- 使用示例 ----------------------
# 替换为你手动添加敏感度标签后，从Excel解压得到的LabelInfo.xml内容
label_info = '''<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<LabelInfo xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/documentmanagement/2017/06/metadata/labelinfo" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
    <LabelId>你的标签ID</LabelId>
    <LabelName>内部机密</LabelName>
    <LabelDescription>仅限内部员工查看</LabelDescription>
    <IsEnabled>true</IsEnabled>
    <SetId>你的标签集ID</SetId>
    <SiteId>你的站点ID</SiteId>
    <ActionId>你的操作ID</ActionId>
    <Method>Privileged</Method>
    <ContentBits>0</ContentBits>
    <LabelVersion>1.0</LabelVersion>
</LabelInfo>'''

add_sensitivity_label('原始文件.xlsx', '带标签文件.xlsx', label_info)

方案二：基于lxml的OXML结构化操作（更严谨） #

如果需要更严谨的XML语法校验，可以使用lxml库处理XML节点，避免手动字符串拼接可能出现的格式错误：

from lxml import etree
import zipfile
import os
import tempfile

def add_label_via_oxml(input_xlsx, output_xlsx, label_info_content):
    # 定义OXML命名空间
    ns = {
        'ct': 'http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/package/2006/content-types',
        'rel': 'http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/package/2006/relationships'
    }
    
    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
        # 解压Excel文件
        with zipfile.ZipFile(input_xlsx, 'r') as zf:
            zf.extractall(tmpdir)
        
        # 写入LabelInfo.xml
        doc_meta_dir = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'docMetadata')
        os.makedirs(doc_meta_dir, exist_ok=True)
        with open(os.path.join(doc_meta_dir, 'LabelInfo.xml'), 'wb') as f:
            f.write(label_info_content.encode('utf-8'))
        
        # 更新[Content_Types].xml
        ct_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, '[Content_Types].xml')
        ct_tree = etree.parse(ct_path)
        ct_root = ct_tree.getroot()
        # 添加Override节点
        override = etree.SubElement(
            ct_root,
            '{http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/package/2006/content-types}Override'
        )
        override.set('PartName', '/docMetadata/LabelInfo.xml')
        override.set('ContentType', 'application/vnd.microsoft.office.documentformat.extensibility.part+xml')
        ct_tree.write(ct_path, encoding='utf-8', xml_declaration=True)
        
        # 更新_rels/.rels
        rels_path = os.path.join(tmpdir, '_rels', '.rels')
        rels_tree = etree.parse(rels_path)
        rels_root = rels_tree.getroot()
        # 添加Relationship节点
        rel = etree.SubElement(
            rels_root,
            '{http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/package/2006/relationships}Relationship'
        )
        rel.set('Id', 'rIdLabelInfo')
        rel.set('Type', 'http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/documentmanagement/2017/06/metadata/labelinfo')
        rel.set('Target', 'docMetadata/LabelInfo.xml')
        rels_tree.write(rels_path, encoding='utf-8', xml_declaration=True)
        
        # 重新打包
        with zipfile.ZipFile(output_xlsx, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
            for root, _, files in os.walk(tmpdir):
                for file in files:
                    file_path = os.path.join(root, file)
                    arcname = os.path.relpath(file_path, tmpdir)
                    zf.write(file_path, arcname)

关键注意事项 #

1. LabelInfo.xml内容必须准确：直接从手动添加标签的Excel解压包中提取该文件，替换其中的标签名称、ID等字段，避免格式错误导致Office无法识别。
2. XML语法校验：修改[Content_Types].xml和_rels/.rels时，确保XML结构合法，否则会导致Excel文件损坏。
3. 测试前备份原文件：操作前务必备份原始Excel，避免数据丢失。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Jim Palmer