配置@DataJpaTest连接真实数据库遇加载上下文错误求解决

我需要针对真实数据库执行ORM模型测试，目前基于默认内存数据库能正常运行测试用例，但配置连接真实数据库时始终失败，报错如下：

java.lang.IllegalStateException: Failed to load ApplicationContext
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Unable to retrieve @EnableAutoConfiguration base packages

我已经尝试了以下操作：

• 使用@ContextConfiguration注解指定配置类
• 通过@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = AutoConfigureTestDatabase.Replace.NONE)禁用数据库自动配置
• 编写返回DataSource类型的@Bean方法
• 尝试用@ConfigurationProperties注解指定配置文件前缀
• 使用@PropertySource注解引入配置文件

项目结构 #

这是一个供多项目复用的ORM模型包，并非独立Spring Boot应用，结构如下：

• @Entity实体类路径：/src/main/java/com/myapp/models/
• @DataJpaTest测试类路径：/src/test/java/com/myapp/models/
• 提供DataSource Bean的配置类路径：/src/test/java/com/myapp/models/TestConfig.java
• 测试配置文件路径：src/test/resources/application-test.properties

相关代码示例 #

1. 实体类 /src/main/java/com/myapp/models/Country.java #

@Entity
@Table(name = "country", schema = "public")
public class Country implements Serializable {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.SEQUENCE, generator = "country_country_id_seq")
    @SequenceGenerator(name = "country_country_id_seq", sequenceName = "country_country_id_seq", allocationSize = 1)
    @Column(name = "country_id", nullable = false)
    private Integer countryId;

    @Column(name = "country", nullable = false, length = 50)
    private String country;

    @Column(name = "last_update", nullable = false, columnDefinition = "TIMESTAMP DEFAULT now()")
    private Timestamp lastUpdate;

    // Getters and Setters
}

2. 测试类 /src/test/java/com/myapp/models/CountryTest.java #

@DataJpaTest
@Transactional
@AutoConfigureTestDatabase(replace = AutoConfigureTestDatabase.Replace.NONE)
@ContextConfiguration(classes = {TestConfig.class})
public class CountryTest {

    @Autowired
    private EntityManager entityManager;

    private Country country;

    @BeforeEach
    public void setUp() {
        country = new Country();
        country.setCountry("Sample Country");
    }

    @Test
    public void testPersistCountry() {
        entityManager.persist(country);
        entityManager.flush();
        Country foundCountry = entityManager.find(Country.class, country.getCountryId());
        assertNotNull(foundCountry);
        assertEquals(country.getCountry(), foundCountry.getCountry());
    }

    // 更多测试方法
}

3. 测试配置类 /src/test/java/com/java/models/TestConfig.java #

@Configuration
@PropertySource("classpath:application-test.properties")
public class TestConfig {

    @Bean
    @ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "test.datasource")
    public DataSource dataSource() {

        return DataSourceBuilder.create().build();
    }
}

4. 测试配置文件 /src/test/java/resources/application-test.properties #

test.datasource.driver-class-name=org.postgresql.Driver
test.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/db_name
test.datasource.username=db_user
test.datasource.password=db_password
spring.jpa.database-platform=org.hibernate.dialect.PostgreSQLDialect

5. pom.xml配置 #

<parent>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
    <version>3.3.2</version>
    <relativePath/>
</parent>
<dependencies>
    <!-- Spring Boot Starter Data JPA for JPA and Hibernate -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Spring Boot Starter Test for testing -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>

    <!-- Jakarta Persistence API -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>jakarta.persistence</groupId>
        <artifactId>jakarta.persistence-api</artifactId>
        <version>3.1.0</version>
    </dependency>
    <!-- H2 Database for in-memory testing -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>com.h2database</groupId>
        <artifactId>h2</artifactId>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>

    <!-- PostgreSQL -->
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
        <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId>
        <version>42.7.3</version>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>

</dependencies>

<build>
    <plugins>
        <plugin>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
        </plugin>
    </plugins>
</build>

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者CarlosAmds