Debian12下安装Python-MIP时遭遇CFFI编译失败问题求助

问题现象 #

执行pip install mip时，cffi==1.15.0编译报错，提示找不到Python.h文件导致gcc编译失败，完整错误日志如下：

pip install mip
Collecting mip
  Using cached mip-1.14.2-py3-none-any.whl.metadata (21 kB)
Collecting cffi==1.15.0 (from mip)
  Using cached cffi-1.15.0.tar.gz (484 kB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... done
Requirement already satisfied: pycparser in ./.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages (from cffi==1.15.0->mip) (2.22)
Using cached mip-1.14.2-py3-none-any.whl (15.3 MB)
Building wheels for collected packages: cffi
  Building wheel for cffi (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × Building wheel for cffi (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [33 lines of output]
      running bdist_wheel
      running build
      running build_py
      creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/api.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/backend_ctypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/cffi_opcode.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/commontypes.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/cparser.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/error.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/ffiplatform.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/lock.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/model.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/pkgconfig.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/recompiler.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/setuptools_ext.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/vengine_cpy.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/vengine_gen.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/verifier.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/_cffi_include.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/parse_c_type.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/_embedding.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      copying cffi/_cffi_errors.h -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/cffi
      running build_ext
      building '_cffi_backend' extension
      creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/c
      x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -fno-strict-overflow -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -O2 -Wall -fPIC -DUSE__THREAD -DHAVE_SYNC_SYNCHRONIZE -I/home/santos/Documentos/mathprog/.venv/include -I/usr/include/python3.12 -c c/_cffi_backend.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-cpython-312/c/_cffi_backend.o
      c/_cffi_backend.c:2:10: fatal error: Python.h: Arquivo ou diretório inexistente
          2 | #include <Python.h>
            |          ^~~~~~~~~~
      compilation terminated.
      error: command '/usr/bin/x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit code 1
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for cffi
Failed to build cffi
ERROR: ERROR: Failed to build installable wheels for some pyproject.toml based projects (cffi)

解决步骤 #

1. 安装Python开发依赖包 #

Python.h是Python开发包的核心文件，从日志可知你使用的是Python 3.12，执行以下命令安装对应版本的开发包：

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install python3.12-dev

若不确定当前Python版本，可安装通用的Python3开发包：

sudo apt-get install python3-dev

2. 补全编译工具链 #

编译cffi需要gcc等基础编译工具，安装build-essential包补充完整工具链：

sudo apt-get install build-essential

3. 重新安装mip包 #

依赖安装完成后，再次执行安装命令：

pip install mip

备选方案：升级cffi版本（若上述步骤无效） #

mip指定的cffi==1.15.0版本较旧，可能与Python 3.12兼容性不佳。可尝试先安装最新兼容版cffi，再单独安装mip：

pip install cffi --upgrade
pip install mip --no-deps

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Bruno Santos