Spring使用component-scan时报JDK版本错误，如何解决？

我正在学习Spring，跟着YouTube上的注解教程实践。在spring.xml文件中使用component-scan时，出现如下错误提示：

Context namespace element 'component-scan' and its parser class
[org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScanBeanDefinitionParser]
are only available on JDK 1.5 and higher

我的spring.xml文件内容：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 
 <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
     xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
     xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
     xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
                         http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
 
     <!-- <bean id="vehicle" class="com.spring.Bike"></bean> -->
 
     <context:component-scan base-package="com.spring.Car"></context:component-scan> </beans>

我使用的Java版本信息：

java 23.0.1 2024-10-15
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 23.0.1+11-39)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 23.0.1+11-39, mixed mode, sharing)

编辑器为VSCode，当前无法继续学习，该如何解决？

我的pom.xml文件内容：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
  xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>com.spring</groupId>
  <artifactId>first</artifactId>
  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>

  <name>first</name>
  <!-- FIXME change it to the project's website -->
  <url>http://www.example.com</url>

  <properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <maven.compiler.source>1.8</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>1.8</maven.compiler.target>
    <java.version>23</java.version>
</properties>

  <dependencies>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring</artifactId>
      <version>5.3.39</version>
      <type>pom</type>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
      <groupId>junit</groupId>
      <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
      <version>4.11</version>
      <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
  
    <dependency>
      <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
      <artifactId>spring</artifactId>
      <version>2.5.6.SEC03</version>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>

  <build>
    <pluginManagement><!-- lock down plugins versions to avoid using Maven defaults (may be moved to parent pom) -->
      <plugins>
        <!-- clean lifecycle, see https://maven.apache.org/ref/current/maven-core/lifecycles.html#clean_Lifecycle -->
        <plugin>
          <artifactId>maven-clean-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>3.1.0</version>
        </plugin>
        <!-- default lifecycle, jar packaging: see https://maven.apache.org/ref/current/maven-core/default-bindings.html#Plugin_bindings_for_jar_packaging -->
        <plugin>
          <artifactId>maven-resources-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>3.0.2</version>
        </plugin>
        <plugin>
          <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>3.8.0</version>
        </plugin>
        <plugin>
          <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>2.22.1</version>
        </plugin>
        <plugin>
          <artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>3.0.2</version>
        </plugin>
        <plugin>
          <artifactId>maven-install-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>2.5.2</version>
        </plugin>
        <plugin>
          <artifactId>maven-deploy-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>2.8.2</version>
        </plugin>
        <!-- site lifecycle, see https://maven.apache.org/ref/current/maven-core/lifecycles.html#site_Lifecycle -->
        <plugin>
          <artifactId>maven-site-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>3.7.1</version>
        </plugin>
        <plugin>
          <artifactId>maven-project-info-reports-plugin</artifactId>
          <version>3.0.0</version>
        </plugin>
      </plugins>
    </pluginManagement>
  </build>
</project>

1. 清理冲突的Spring依赖 #

pom.xml里同时引入了Spring 5.3.39（pom类型）和Spring 2.5.6.SEC03，版本冲突导致老版本代码被加载，和高版本JDK不兼容。删除2.5.6.SEC03的依赖，换成具体的Spring核心模块（比如spring-context）：

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
        <version>5.3.39</version>
    </dependency>

    <dependency>
        <groupId>junit</groupId>
        <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
        <version>4.11</version>
        <scope>test</scope>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

2. 统一Maven编译版本 #

properties里编译版本设为1.8，但JDK是23，版本不统一导致环境不一致。修改为匹配JDK的设置：

<properties>
    <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    <maven.compiler.source>23</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>23</maven.compiler.target>
    <java.version>23</java.version>
</properties>

同时升级maven-compiler-plugin到支持JDK23的版本：

<plugin>
    <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.12.1</version>
</plugin>

3. 修正component-scan的包路径 #

context:component-scan的base-package写的是com.spring.Car，如果Car是类而非包，会导致扫描不到组件。确认你的注解类所在包，比如类在com.spring下就改为com.spring，在com.spring.car包下就写对应路径。

4. 重新构建项目 #

在VSCode终端执行命令，清理旧依赖并重新编译：

mvn clean install

做完以上步骤后，重新运行Spring应用即可解决问题。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Rutwick Gangurde