MacOS下Python3.9安装scikit-learn==1.0遇distutils.msvccompiler缺失错误

在Mac系统上通过pipenv创建的虚拟环境中安装scikit-learn==1.0时，出现ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'distutils.msvccompiler'错误。当前setuptools版本为69.5.1，尝试降级到59.1仍未解决，且该错误在Windows系统中不会出现，需了解Mac系统对此问题的影响及解决办法。

完整报错信息：

Collecting scikit-learn==1.0
  Using cached scikit-learn-1.0.tar.gz (7.8 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error
  
  × Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [23 lines of output]
      Partial import of sklearn during the build process.
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "/Users/FFIROUZA/.local/share/virtualenvs/predmaint-5-6S7_mY/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 353, in <module>
          main()
        File "/Users/FFIROUZA/.local/share/virtualenvs/predmaint-5-6S7_mY/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 335, in main
          json_out['return_val'] = hook(**hook_input['kwargs'])
        File "/Users/FFIROUZA/.local/share/virtualenvs/predmaint-5-6S7_mY/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pyproject_hooks/_in_process/_in_process.py", line 149, in prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
          return hook(metadata_directory, config_settings)
        File "/private/var/folders/yw/w0vbj__56k7gswchtmvkr_fc0000gp/T/pip-build-env-040c2b1w/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 376, in prepare_metadata_for_build_wheel
          self.run_setup()
        File "/private/var/folders/yw/w0vbj__56k7gswchtmvkr_fc0000gp/T/pip-build-env-040c2b1w/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 521, in run_setup
          super().run_setup(setup_script=setup_script)
        File "/private/var/folders/yw/w0vbj__56k7gswchtmvkr_fc0000gp/T/pip-build-env-040c2b1w/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/setuptools/build_meta.py", line 319, in run_setup
          exec(code, locals())
        File "<string>", line 319, in <module>
        File "<string>", line 311, in setup_package
        File "/private/var/folders/yw/w0vbj__56k7gswchtmvkr_fc0000gp/T/pip-build-env-040c2b1w/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/distutils/core.py", line 24, in <module>
          from numpy.distutils.command import config, config_compiler, \
        File "/private/var/folders/yw/w0vbj__56k7gswchtmvkr_fc0000gp/T/pip-build-env-040c2b1w/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/distutils/command/config.py", line 19, in <module>
          from numpy.distutils.mingw32ccompiler import generate_manifest
        File "/private/var/folders/yw/w0vbj__56k7gswchtmvkr_fc0000gp/T/pip-build-env-040c2b1w/overlay/lib/python3.9/site-packages/numpy/distutils/mingw32ccompiler.py", line 29, in <module>
          from distutils.msvccompiler import get_build_version as get_build_msvc_version
      ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'distutils.msvccompiler'
      [end of output]
  
  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: metadata-generation-failed

× Encountered error while generating package metadata.
╰─> See above for output.

note: This is an issue with the package mentioned above, not pip.
hint: See above for details.

• distutils.msvccompiler是Windows平台专属模块，用于处理MSVC编译器相关逻辑，Mac系统不存在该模块，也不需要它。
• 报错根源是旧版本scikit-learn==1.0依赖的numpy.distutils存在跨平台兼容性bug：在Mac环境下错误地尝试导入仅Windows可用的模块，触发找不到模块的错误。

• 强制安装预编译wheel包（优先推荐）：
  直接跳过源码编译步骤，使用Mac平台预编译的二进制包，执行命令：

  pip install scikit-learn==1.0 --only-binary :all:
  

  该命令会强制pip下载预编译的wheel，避免触发错误的源码构建逻辑。

• 补全Python环境的distutils组件：

  • 如果用Homebrew安装的Python3.9，重新安装以补全完整组件：

    brew reinstall python@3.9
    

  • 如果是系统自带Python，安装Xcode命令行工具补全编译依赖：

    xcode-select --install
    

• 升级numpy版本后再安装：
  旧版本numpy.distutils的跨平台判断逻辑有问题，先升级numpy到兼容版本，再安装scikit-learn：

  pip install numpy>=1.21
  pip install scikit-learn==1.0
  

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Farzaneh