使用UV在Docker部署Django应用：依赖安装失败致Django包缺失

核心问题 #

你遇到的ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'django'，本质是系统级gunicorn未使用uv创建的虚拟环境依赖：

• 通过apt-get install gunicorn安装的是系统Python版本的gunicorn，它只会查找系统Python的site-packages目录，无法识别/app/.venv虚拟环境中的依赖。
• 虽然设置了PATH="/app/.venv/bin:$PATH"，但切换到appuser后，PATH的生效逻辑可能存在优先级问题，导致系统版gunicorn被优先调用。

具体修复步骤 #

1. 移除系统级gunicorn，改用uv安装到虚拟环境 #

修改Dockerfile中apt安装的部分，删除gunicorn：

RUN apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gcc python3-dev libpq-dev &&\
    apt-get clean && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

在本地通过uv add gunicorn将其添加到项目依赖，更新uv.lock和pyproject.toml，确保uv sync会把gunicorn安装到虚拟环境中。

2. 调整环境变量与用户切换顺序 #

将PATH设置放在用户创建前，确保appuser能继承正确的环境变量：

# 先设置虚拟环境PATH，再创建用户
ENV PATH="/app/.venv/bin:$PATH"

RUN useradd -m appuser && chown -R appuser:appuser /app
USER appuser

WORKDIR /app/myproject
EXPOSE 9090
CMD ["gunicorn", "myproject.wsgi:application", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:9090"]

3. 可选：显式指定虚拟环境中的gunicorn路径 #

如果PATH设置仍有问题，直接调用虚拟环境内的gunicorn可彻底规避路径冲突：

CMD ["/app/.venv/bin/gunicorn", "myproject.wsgi:application", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:9090"]

修复后的完整Dockerfile示例 #

FROM ghcr.io/astral-sh/uv:python3.12-bookworm-slim

WORKDIR /app

# Enable bytecode compilation
ENV UV_COMPILE_BYTECODE=1

# Copy from the cache instead of linking since it's a mounted volume
ENV UV_LINK_MODE=copy

RUN apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gcc python3-dev libpq-dev &&\
    apt-get clean && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

# Install the project's dependencies using the lockfile and settings
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv \
        --mount=type=bind,source=uv.lock,target=uv.lock \
        --mount=type=bind,source=pyproject.toml,target=pyproject.toml \
        uv sync --frozen --no-install-project --no-dev

# Then, add the rest of the project source code and install it
ADD . /app
RUN --mount=type=cache,target=/root/.cache/uv \
        uv sync --frozen --no-dev

# Set PATH for virtual environment before creating user
ENV PATH="/app/.venv/bin:$PATH"

RUN useradd -m appuser && chown -R appuser:appuser /app
USER appuser

WORKDIR /app/myproject
EXPOSE 9090
CMD ["gunicorn", "myproject.wsgi:application", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:9090"]

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者fccoelho