Android Kotlin构建gRPC时出现重复类com.google.protobuf.AbstractMessageLite错误

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2026-6-15

Android Kotlin + gRPC HelloWorld构建错误排查

问题描述

刚入门Android Kotlin + gRPC技术，尝试构建简单HelloWorld应用时，遇到如下重复类构建错误：

Caused by: java.lang.RuntimeException: Duplicate class com.google.protobuf.AbstractMessageLite found in modules protobuf-java-3.25.3.jar -> protobuf-java-3.25.3 (com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.25.3) and protobuf-javalite-3.25.5.jar -> protobuf-javalite-3.25.5 (com.google.protobuf:protobuf-javalite:3.25.5)

app模块build.gradle配置

import com.google.protobuf.gradle.*

plugins {
    id("com.android.application")
    id("com.google.protobuf")
    id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android")
}

android {
    compileSdk = 35

    defaultConfig {
        minSdk = 24
        targetSdk = 35
        versionCode = 1
        versionName = "1.0"

        testInstrumentationRunner = "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
        vectorDrawables {
            useSupportLibrary = true
        }
    }

    buildTypes {
        release {
            isMinifyEnabled = false
            proguardFiles(
                getDefaultProguardFile("proguard-android-optimize.txt"),
                "proguard-rules.pro"
            )
        }
    }
    compileOptions {
        sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
        targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_1_8
    }
    kotlinOptions {
        jvmTarget = "1.8"
    }
    buildFeatures {
        compose = true
    }
    composeOptions {
        kotlinCompilerExtensionVersion = "1.5.13"
    }
    packaging {
        resources {
            excludes += "/META-INF/{AL2.0,LGPL2.1}"
        }
    }
}

protobuf {
    protoc {
        artifact = "com.google.protobuf:protoc:4.29.0"
    }
    plugins {
        id("java") {
            artifact = "io.grpc:protoc-gen-grpc-java:1.69.0"
        }
        id("grpc") {
            artifact = "io.grpc:protoc-gen-grpc-java:1.69.0"
        }
        id("grpckt") {
            artifact = "io.grpc:protoc-gen-grpc-kotlin:1.4.1:jdk8@jar"
        }
    }
    generateProtoTasks {
        all().forEach {
            it.plugins {
                id("java") {
                    option("lite")
                }
                id("grpc") {
                    option("lite")
                }
                id("grpckt") {
                    option("lite")
                }
            }
            it.builtins {
                id("kotlin") {
                    option("lite")
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

dependencies {

    implementation("androidx.core:core-ktx:1.15.0")
    implementation("androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime-ktx:2.8.7")
    implementation("androidx.activity:activity-compose:1.9.3")
    implementation(platform("androidx.compose:compose-bom:2024.12.01"))
    implementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui")
    implementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-graphics")
    implementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-tooling-preview")
    implementation("androidx.compose.material3:material3")

    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.8.0")
    implementation("com.google.protobuf:protobuf-kotlin:3.25.3")
    implementation("io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.69.0")
    implementation("io.grpc:grpc-protobuf:1.62.2")
    implementation("io.grpc:grpc-okhttp:1.69.0")

    implementation("com.google.protobuf:protobuf-kotlin:3.25.3")
    implementation("io.grpc:grpc-kotlin-stub:1.4.1")
    implementation("io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.69.0")

    testImplementation("junit:junit:4.13.2")
    androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.ext:junit:1.2.1")
    androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.6.1")
    androidTestImplementation(platform("androidx.compose:compose-bom:2024.12.01"))
    androidTestImplementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-test-junit4")
    debugImplementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-tooling")
    debugImplementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-test-manifest")
}

项目根目录build.gradle配置

// Top-level build file where you can add configuration options common to all sub-projects/modules.
plugins {
    id("com.android.application") version "8.7.3" apply false
    id("com.google.protobuf") version "0.9.4" apply false
    id("org.jetbrains.kotlin.android") version "1.9.23" apply false
}

buildscript {
    dependencies {
        classpath("com.google.protobuf:protobuf-gradle-plugin:0.9.4")
    }
}

已参考相关资料但问题未解决。

解决方案

错误原因分析

同时引入了grpc-protobuf（依赖完整版protobuf-java）和grpc-protobuf-lite（依赖精简版protobuf-javalite），二者包含重复的Protobuf核心类
Protobuf版本不一致（3.25.3和3.25.5）加剧冲突
依赖中重复声明了com.google.protobuf:protobuf-kotlin:3.25.3

具体修改步骤

清理冲突依赖
移除完整版grpc-protobuf依赖，只保留lite版本；删除重复的protobuf-kotlin声明，改用lite版依赖：

dependencies {
    // 保留Android Compose相关依赖
    implementation("androidx.core:core-ktx:1.15.0")
    implementation("androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime-ktx:2.8.7")
    implementation("androidx.activity:activity-compose:1.9.3")
    implementation(platform("androidx.compose:compose-bom:2024.12.01"))
    implementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui")
    implementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-graphics")
    implementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-tooling-preview")
    implementation("androidx.compose.material3:material3")

    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-core:1.8.0")
    // 替换为lite版本并统一版本号
    implementation("com.google.protobuf:protobuf-kotlin-lite:3.25.5")
    implementation("io.grpc:grpc-stub:1.69.0")
    implementation("io.grpc:grpc-okhttp:1.69.0")
    implementation("io.grpc:grpc-kotlin-stub:1.4.1")
    implementation("io.grpc:grpc-protobuf-lite:1.69.0")

    // 保留测试相关依赖
    testImplementation("junit:junit:4.13.2")
    androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.ext:junit:1.2.1")
    androidTestImplementation("androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.6.1")
    androidTestImplementation(platform("androidx.compose:compose-bom:2024.12.01"))
    androidTestImplementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-test-junit4")
    debugImplementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-tooling")
    debugImplementation("androidx.compose.ui:ui-test-manifest")
}

统一Protobuf版本
将protoc版本与依赖版本对齐，修改protobuf插件配置：

protobuf {
    protoc {
        artifact = "com.google.protobuf:protoc:3.25.5"
    }
    plugins {
        id("grpc") {
            artifact = "io.grpc:protoc-gen-grpc-java:1.69.0"
        }
        id("grpckt") {
            artifact = "io.grpc:protoc-gen-grpc-kotlin:1.4.1:jdk8@jar"
        }
    }
    generateProtoTasks {
        all().forEach {
            it.plugins {
                id("grpc") {
                    option("lite")
                }
                id("grpckt") {
                    option("lite")
                }
            }
            it.builtins {
                id("kotlin") {
                    option("lite")
                }
            }
            // 移除java插件，避免生成重复Java代码
            it.plugins.remove(it.plugins.findByName("java"))
        }
    }
}

同步并清理项目
- 点击Android Studio的「Sync Project with Gradle Files」按钮
- 执行命令./gradlew clean build清理缓存并重新构建

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Prashant tiwari

Android Kotlin构建gRPC时出现重复类com.google.protobuf.AbstractMessageLite错误

问题描述 #

app模块build.gradle配置 #

项目根目录build.gradle配置 #

解决方案 #

错误原因分析 #