构建Windows Docker镜像失败求助：PowerShell命令报错0x2

问题背景 #

尝试构建包含JDK与Android开发环境的Windows Docker镜像，使用的Dockerfile如下：

# Use a Windows base image
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/windows/servercore:ltsc2022

# Set environment variables
ENV ANDROID_HOME="C:/android-sdk"
ENV PATH="C:/android-sdk/platform-tools;C:/android-sdk/cmdline-tools/latest/bin;C:/android-sdk/emulator;C:/android-sdk/tools;C:/android-sdk/tools/bin;%PATH%"

# Set working directory
WORKDIR C:/

# Use PowerShell as the default shell
SHELL ["powershell", "-Command"]

# Download JDK
RUN Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://download.oracle.com/java/23/latest/jdk-23_windows-x64_bin.zip" -OutFile "C:/jdk.zip"


# Extract JDK
RUN Expand-Archive -Path "C:/jdk.zip" -DestinationPath "C:/jdk" -Force

# Remove JDK zip after extraction
RUN Remove-Item -Path "C:/jdk.zip"

# Set JAVA_HOME environment variable
ENV JAVA_HOME="C:/jdk"
ENV PATH="C:/jdk/bin;%PATH%"

# Download Android command-line tools
RUN Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://dl.google.com/android/repository/commandlinetools-win-11076708_latest.zip" -OutFile "C:/commandlinetools.zip"

# Extract Android command-line tools
RUN Expand-Archive -Path "C:/commandlinetools.zip" -DestinationPath "C:/android-sdk" -Force

# Remove command-line tools zip after extraction
RUN Remove-Item -Path "C:/commandlinetools.zip"

# Accept Android SDK licenses
RUN echo y | & "C:/android-sdk/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager.bat" --licenses"

# Install necessary Android SDK packages
RUN & "C:/android-sdk/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager.bat" "platform-tools" "platforms;android-34" "build-tools;34.0.0" "emulator"

# Final environment settings
ENV JAVA_HOME="C:/jdk"
ENV PATH="C:/jdk/bin;%PATH%"

执行命令 docker build --no-cache -t android-windows . 时，在下载JDK的RUN步骤报错，错误信息：

Step 6/17 : RUN Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://download.oracle.com/java/23/latest/jdk-23_windows-x64_bin.zip" -OutFile "C:/jdk.zip"
 ---> Running in 325a4570f52c
container 325a4570f52c8362c42afae28526f8227ce277de6a9dc5b98b91e6dafe90e405 encountered an error during hcs::System::CreateProcess: powershell -Command Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://download.oracle.com/java/23/latest/jdk-23_windows-x64_bin.zip" -OutFile "C:/jdk.zip": failure in a Windows system call: The system cannot find the file specified. (0x2)
[Event Detail:  Provider: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000]
[Event Detail:  Provider: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000]
[Event Detail: onecore\vm\compute\management\orchestration\vmhostedcontainer\processmanagement.cpp(173)\vmcomputeagent.exe!00007FF66CC0014D: (caller: 00007FF66CBA4C97) Exception(2) tid(3d4) 80070002 The system cannot find the file specified.
    CallContext:[\Bridge_ProcessMessage\VmHostedContainer_ExecuteProcess]
 Provider: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000]

已配置Docker Desktop为Windows容器模式，启用Windows功能中的Containers和Hyper-V，尝试修改输出路径为C://jdk.zip和C:\jdk.zip，问题依旧。

解决方案 #

1. 修正PowerShell的Shell路径配置 #

Windows Server Core镜像中，PowerShell的完整路径为C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe，原SHELL指令仅写powershell可能导致系统无法找到可执行文件。修改SHELL指令：

SHELL ["C:\\Windows\\System32\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\powershell.exe", "-Command", "$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop';"]

添加$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'可让脚本在出错时立即终止，便于排查问题。

2. 替换JDK下载链接（解决Oracle登录限制） #

Oracle的JDK官方下载链接需要登录验证，容器内无法完成登录流程导致下载失败。改用无需登录的OpenJDK镜像链接，比如Adoptium提供的OpenJDK 23：

# Download JDK（替换为OpenJDK链接）
RUN Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://github.com/adoptium/temurin23-binaries/releases/download/jdk-23%2B37/OpenJDK23U-jdk_x64_windows_hotspot_23_37.zip" -OutFile "C:/jdk.zip"

3. 合并RUN指令减少容器启动次数 #

将JDK下载、解压、删除压缩包的步骤合并为一个RUN指令，减少容器启动次数，避免中间步骤的路径或权限问题：

# Download, extract and clean up JDK
RUN Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://github.com/adoptium/temurin23-binaries/releases/download/jdk-23%2B37/OpenJDK23U-jdk_x64_windows_hotspot_23_37.zip" -OutFile "C:/jdk.zip"; `
    Expand-Archive -Path "C:/jdk.zip" -DestinationPath "C:/jdk" -Force; `
    Remove-Item -Path "C:/jdk.zip" -Force

注意使用反引号 分隔多行命令（PowerShell的换行符）。

4. 提前验证容器内基础命令可用性 #

在下载JDK前添加测试指令，验证PowerShell和Invoke-WebRequest是否正常工作：

# Test PowerShell and network connectivity
RUN Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://www.google.com" -OutFile "C:/test.html"; `
    Remove-Item -Path "C:/test.html" -Force

如果这一步报错，说明容器网络或PowerShell环境存在问题，需先排查网络连接或镜像完整性。

5. 修复Android许可证验证的语法错误 #

原Dockerfile中接受许可证的RUN指令有语法错误（末尾多了一个双引号），修正为：

# Accept Android SDK licenses
RUN echo y | & "C:/android-sdk/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager.bat" --licenses

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者MrJay