Python指定版本包安装失败：'Getting requirements to build wheel'报错咨询

问题重现 #

执行pip install -r requirements.txt安装pillow==10.3.0时出现以下报错：

Collecting pillow==10.3.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 6))
  Using cached pillow-10.3.0.tar.gz (46.6 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... error
  error: subprocess-exited-with-error

  × Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
  │ exit code: 1
  ╰─> [21 lines of output]
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "D:\LMS\venv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 389, in <module>
          main()
          ~~~~^^
        File "D:\LMS\venv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 373, in main
          json_out["return_val"] = hook(**hook_input["kwargs"])
                                   ~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "D:\LMS\venv\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_in_process\_in_process.py", line 143, in get_requires_for_build_wheel          return hook(config_settings)
        File "C:\Users\wo\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-bxsls9dh\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 334, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
          return self._get_build_requires(config_settings, requirements=[])
                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "C:\Users\wo\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-bxsls9dh\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 304, in _get_build_requires
          self.run_setup()
          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
        File "C:\Users\wo\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-build-env-bxsls9dh\overlay\Lib\site-packages\setuptools\build_meta.py", line 320, in run_setup
          exec(code, locals())
          ~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
        File "<string>", line 33, in <module>
        File "<string>", line 27, in get_version
      KeyError: '__version__'
      [end of output]

  note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.
error: subprocess-exited-with-error

× Getting requirements to build wheel did not run successfully.
│ exit code: 1
╰─> See above for output.

note: This error originates from a subprocess, and is likely not a problem with pip.

手动安装该版本仍失败，但pip install pillow可成功安装最新的11.1.0版本。

原因分析 #

• 包版本与构建工具不兼容：旧版本包（如Pillow 10.3.0）的构建脚本逻辑和新版pip、setuptools不匹配。比如Pillow 10.3.0的版本获取代码依赖特定变量定义，而新版setuptools执行构建时的上下文发生变化，导致抛出KeyError: '__version__'。
• 缺少预编译Wheel包：pip优先安装预编译的Wheel包（无需源码编译），如果某个版本没有适配当前系统（如Windows 64位、特定Python版本）的Wheel包，就会回退到源码编译，过程中容易出现依赖缺失、脚本错误等问题。
• 环境差异：生成requirements.txt的环境（如Python版本、操作系统、构建工具版本）与安装环境不一致，旧版本包可能无法适配新环境的依赖或工具链。

解决办法 #

• 升级构建工具：先更新pip、setuptools和wheel到最新版本，修复兼容性问题：

  pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
  

  升级后再尝试安装指定版本包，多数情况下能解决构建脚本的兼容性问题。
• 手动安装对应Wheel包：找到对应包版本、适配当前系统和Python版本的Wheel文件，直接下载安装。比如Pillow 10.3.0适配Windows 64位、Python 3.11的Wheel包，可执行以下命令（替换为对应文件名）：

  pip install pillow-10.3.0-cp311-none-win_amd64.whl
  

• 放宽版本约束：如果业务逻辑不需要严格依赖旧版本，修改requirements.txt中的版本规则：
  • 将pillow==10.3.0改为pillow>=10.3.0（允许安装10.3.0及以上兼容版本）
  • 或直接写pillow，让pip自动选择适配当前环境的最新稳定版
• 检查Python版本兼容性：确认要安装的包版本支持当前Python版本。若不兼容，要么降级Python版本，要么选择兼容的包版本。
• 安装源码编译依赖：如果必须从源码编译，先安装系统依赖：
  • Windows：安装Visual C++ Build Tools，勾选“Desktop development with C++”组件
  • Linux（Debian/Ubuntu）：执行sudo apt-get install libjpeg-dev zlib1g-dev
  • macOS：执行brew install libjpeg zlib

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Md Mahmud Hasan