首次安装numpy 1.22.4失败，报Cannot import 'setuptools.build_meta'错误

问题详情 #

尝试执行以下命令安装指定版本的numpy：

C:\Users\Andrey\Downloads>pip install numpy==1.22.4

安装失败，核心错误提示：

pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks._impl.BackendUnavailable: Cannot import 'setuptools.build_meta'

完整报错堆栈：

Collecting numpy==1.22.4
  Using cached numpy-1.22.4.zip (11.5 MB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 106, in _run_wrapper
    status = _inner_run()
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 97, in _inner_run
    return self.run(options, args)
           ~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\req_command.py", line 67, in wrapper
    return func(self, options, args)
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 386, in run
    requirement_set = resolver.resolve(
        reqs, check_supported_wheels=not options.target_dir
    )
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\resolver.py", line 95, in resolve
    result = self._result = resolver.resolve(
                            ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        collected.requirements, max_rounds=limit_how_complex_resolution_can_be
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers.py", line 546, in resolve
    state = resolution.resolve(requirements, max_rounds=max_rounds)
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers.py", line 397, in resolve
    self._add_to_criteria(self.state.criteria, r, parent=None)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\resolvers.py", line 173, in _add_to_criteria
    if not criterion.candidates:
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\resolvelib\structs.py", line 156, in __bool__
    return bool(self._sequence)
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 174, in __bool__
    return any(self)
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 162, in <genexpr>
    return (c for c in iterator if id(c) not in self._incompatible_ids)
                       ^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\found_candidates.py", line 53, in _iter_built
    candidate = func()
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\factory.py", line 187, in _make_candidate_from_link
    base: Optional[BaseCandidate] = self._make_base_candidate_from_link(
                                    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        link, template, name, version
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\factory.py", line 233, in _make_base_candidate_from_link
    self._link_candidate_cache[link] = LinkCandidate(
                                       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        link,
        ^^^^^
    ...<3 lines>...
        version=version,
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 304, in __init__
    super().__init__(
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        link=link,
        ^^^^^^^^^^
    ...<4 lines>...
        version=version,
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 159, in __init__
    self.dist = self._prepare()
                ~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 236, in _prepare
    dist = self._prepare_distribution()
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolution\resolvelib\candidates.py", line 315, in _prepare_distribution
    return preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(self._ireq, parallel_builds=True)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 527, in prepare_linked_requirement
    return self._prepare_linked_requirement(req, parallel_builds)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 642, in _prepare_linked_requirement
    dist = _get_prepared_distribution(
        req,
    ...<3 lines>...
        self.check_build_deps,
    )
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 72, in _get_prepared_distribution
    abstract_dist.prepare_distribution_metadata(
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        finder, build_isolation, check_build_deps
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\distributions\sdist.py", line 56, in prepare_distribution_metadata
    self._install_build_reqs(finder)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\distributions\sdist.py", line 126, in _install_build_reqs
    build_reqs = self._get_build_requires_wheel()
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\distributions\sdist.py", line 103, in _get_build_requires_wheel
    return backend.get_requires_for_build_wheel()
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\misc.py", line 702, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
    return super().get_requires_for_build_wheel(config_settings=cs)
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_impl.py", line 196, in get_requires_for_build_wheel
    return self._call_hook(
           ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~^
        "get_requires_for_build_wheel", {"config_settings": config_settings}
        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
    )
    ^
  File "C:\Users\Andrey\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python313\Lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\pyproject_hooks\_impl.py", line 402, in _call_hook
    raise BackendUnavailable(
    ...<4 lines>...
    )
pip._vendor.pyproject_hooks._impl.BackendUnavailable: Cannot import 'setuptools.build_meta'

解决方案 #

按以下顺序尝试方法：

• 更新pip、setuptools和wheel
  这是最常见的修复方式，执行命令：

  python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
  

  完成后重新安装numpy：

  pip install numpy==1.22.4
  

• 使用预编译wheel包安装
  避免源码编译，直接安装预编译版本：

  pip install numpy==1.22.4 --only-binary :all:
  

• 修复setuptools
  如果更新后仍报错，卸载并重新安装setuptools：

  pip uninstall -y setuptools
  python -m ensurepip --upgrade
  pip install setuptools
  

  再尝试安装numpy。

• 检查Python版本兼容性
  numpy 1.22.4官方支持Python 3.8至3.11，而你使用的是Python 3.13，可能存在兼容性问题。若上述方法无效，可考虑降级Python到3.11版本后再安装。

内容的提问来源于stack exchange，提问作者Regent